Introduction The stomach is a complex organ with unique mechanical, sensory, endocrine, and immunological properties. Alterations in gastric motility and sensation have been implicated in several gastrointestinal disorders, including gastroparesis, functional dyspepsia, rumination syndrome, and dumping syndrome. 1 Understanding the…
Four decades ago, pediatric gastritis and peptic ulcer disease (PUD) lacked a putative microbial causative agent. Pediatric flexible upper endoscopy was becoming more available. In 1983, Warren and Marshall proposed that colonization of the human stomach with an organism, now…
Gastritis, gastropathy, and peptic ulcer diseases (PUDs) in children are a spectrum of acid-related disorders that can affect the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum. This chapter focuses on gastroduodenal acid–related peptic diseases, excluding Helicobacter pylori gastritis, which is addressed in a…
Acknowledgment We thank Louisa W. Chiu, MD, for the authorship of the chapter from the fourth edition. Embryology A general understanding of the embryologic development of the stomach is essential to the management of congenital and acquired surgical disorders of…
The gastrointestinal tract begins as a primitive tubular system and is one of the first organs to polarize the embryo by forming an entry and exit with an anterior and posterior axis, also known as the craniocaudal axis, extending from…
Esophageal Symptoms Pathologic processes in the pediatric esophagus can result in a variety of symptoms. These range from the classic esophageal symptoms of heartburn, odynophagia, dysphagia, chest pain, and regurgitation to nonspecific symptoms such as feeding difficulties, recurrent abdominal pain,…
The term esophageal motor disorder is commonly used to describe abnormal motility patterns demonstrated during esophageal manometry studies. Some of these disorders, such as esophageal achalasia, have well-defined abnormalities of esophageal motility, which correlate with clinical symptoms. However, other esophageal…
Abbreviations BAL bronchoalveolar lavage CMPA cow’s milk protein allergy ENT ear nose throat GERD gastroesophageal reflux disease H 2 RA H 2 receptor antagonist LES lower esophageal sphincter LLM lipid-laden macrophage NERD nonerosive reflux disease PPI proton pump inhibitor TLESR…
Congenital Lesions of the Esophagus Congenital lesions of the esophagus fall into three categories: congenital esophageal stenosis, the variants of esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula, and laryngotracheoesophageal clefts. congenital esophageal stenosis Congenital esophageal stenosis presents in three variants: esophageal webs…
The esophageal functions are to transport food from the mouth to the stomach and to prevent reflux of gastric contents. Main manifestations of esophageal disease are either feeding intolerance or regurgitation. The esophagus is a complex organ and should not…