The nervous system, with its central and peripheral divisions, maintains and controls all body functions by its voluntary and autonomic responses. The evaluation of motor, sensory, autonomic, cognitive, and behavioral elements makes neurologic assessment one of the most complex portions…
The musculoskeletal system provides the stability and mobility necessary for physical activity. Physical performance requires bones, tendons, ligaments, muscles, and joints that function smoothly and effortlessly. Because the musculoskeletal system serves as the body’s main defense against external forces, injuries…
Examination of the anus and rectum may be performed as part of a routine health visit. In patients with a prostate, examination may include the prostate. Examination of these structures is also performed when the patient has a specific concern.…
For ease of communication, in this textbook the term “male genitalia” refers to the following anatomic structures: penis, testicles, epididymides, scrotum, prostate gland, and seminal vesicles, regardless of the gender identity of the patient. Examination of the male genitalia is…
For ease of communication, in this textbook the term “female genitalia” refers to the following internal and external anatomic structures: mons pubis, labia, clitoris, vestibular glands, vagina, cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes ovaries, and bony pelvis, regardless of the gender identity…
The abdominal examination is performed as part of the comprehensive physical examination or when a patient presents with signs or symptoms suggestive of an abdominal disease process. It involves the core examination skills in a particular sequence: inspection, auscultation, percussion,…
The breast examination is typically performed when a patient presents with a specific breast concern, as a follow-up to an abnormal examination or increased risk for breast cancer, or as part of a routine health visit. Examination of the breasts…
The physical examination of the venous and arterial structures of the vascular system is a critical component of patients’ evaluation. You can gain great insight into their overall cardiovascular status, specifically the detection of peripheral artery disease (PAD) of the…
The main heart function is to circulate blood through the body and lungs in two separate circulations (one circuit being the body, the second being the lungs). The heart lies in the mediastinum, to the left of the midline, just…
The chest and lungs allow for respiration. The purpose of respiration is to keep the body adequately supplied with oxygen and protected from excess accumulation of carbon dioxide. Respiration involves the movement of air back and forth from the alveoli…