Pericardium The pericardium contains the heart and the juxtacardiac parts of its great vessels ( Fig. 57.1 ). It consists of two parts, the fibrous and the serous pericardia, arranged in three layers with a normal combined thickness of 1–2…
The mediastinum is the visceral compartment between the two lungs and includes the mediastinal part of the parietal pleura. It is commonly defined as the region between the two pleural sacs, bounded laterally by the mediastinal parietal pleura, anteriorly by…
The respiratory diaphragm is a domed musculofibrous sheet, approximately 2–4 mm thick that separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities ( Fig. 55.1 ). The superior surface of the respiratory diaphragm is mainly convex and forms the floor of the thoracic…
The lungs are the essential organs of respiration and are responsible for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood. The functional anatomy of the thorax and respiratory diaphragm facilitates this complex process. Acting together, the muscles of…
The chest wall surrounds the thoracic cavity. It is formed by: an osseocartilaginous frame consisting normally of 12 pairs of ribs, which articulate with the 12 thoracic vertebrae posteriorly and (except for the last two or three pairs of ribs)…
The thorax is the upper part of the trunk. It consists of an external musculoskeletal cage, the thoracic wall and an internal cavity that contains the heart, lungs, oesophagus, trachea and main bronchi, thymus, vagus and phrenic nerves, sympathetic trunks…
This commentary addresses glenohumeral instability (GHI), although the analysis of stability and its perturbation, and the system of classification described, is applicable to all articulations in which the experience of symptomatic abnormal motion (the clinical syndrome of instability) is reported…
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Skin and Soft Tissues Skin Dorsal skin versus palmar skin The dorsal skin is thin, mobile and frequently hirsute over the proximal phalanges and the ulnar aspect of the dorsum of the hand. The skin of the palm and the…