This chapter brings together the regional descriptions of the arteries, veins and lymphatic vessels and their draining nodes that appear in the relevant sections of Chapter 24, Chapter 79 . The text is not illustrated: all cross-referenced figures and videos…
The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is composed of spinal and cranial nerves, their associated ganglia (autonomic and sensory) and their ramifications that transmit afferent and efferent information between the central nervous system (CNS) and the rest of the body. It…
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Psoas minor is a curious muscle in humans, lacking a clear and universally agreed function and reported to be present in only 33–65% of individuals ( , , , ). This commentary proposes a novel functional role for psoas minor,…
This commentary focuses on the anatomy and biomechanics of the pelvic girdle and, specifically, the sacroiliac joints. In bipeds, the pelvis serves as a basic platform with three large levers acting on it (the spine and two lower limbs). Movement…
The ankle joint (talocrural joint) is a diarthrodial articulation involving the distal tibia and fibula and the body of the talus; it is the only example in the human body of a true mortise joint. The human foot is a…
The knee is the largest synovial joint in the body. It consists of three functional compartments that collectively form a dynamic, specialized hinge joint. During gait, the knee is able to withstand impressive weight-bearing loads while conducting precision movements, providing…
The pelvic girdle consists of the paired hip bones (each composed of the ilium, ischium and pubis) and the sacrum. The two pubic bones articulate anteriorly at the pubic symphysis and the sacrum articulates posteriorly with the two iliac bones…
The structure of the lower limb is specialized for support of the body’s weight, locomotion and maintenance of body stability (balance). Indeed, adaptations for weight-bearing and stability account for the major structural and functional differences between the upper and lower…
Abdominal compartmentalization The peritoneal model of abdominal compartmentalization has long been the starting point for descriptions of abdominal anatomy. According to this model, abdominal digestive organs are organized along peritoneal lines and the position of each is described using the…