Synopsis ■ Radiographs form the cornerstone of diagnostic imaging of the hand and wrist, and are usually the first imaging modalities performed following clinical evaluation. ■ The keys to obtaining the most information from radiographs are ordering the correct radiographs…
Synopsis ■ Physical examination of the upper extremity starts with a detailed and accurate patient history. ■ Physical examination of the upper extremity consists of inspection, palpation, measurement of length, girth, and ranges of motion, assessment of stability, and detailed…
Synopsis ■ The hand is an incredibly designed structure with complex anatomy and precise biomechanics. The hand must be able to produce adequate force to allow performance of activities of daily living. Furthermore, it must ensure coordination of the fingers…
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Introduction Reconstruction of the nipple–areolar complex (NAC) is most commonly performed for women as the final component of breast reconstruction following mastectomy to treat breast cancer. While a significant proportion of women ultimately forgo nipple reconstruction to avoid yet another…
Introduction Breast reconstruction continues to evolve and has come a long way from having prosthetic implants as the sole option. Since the early 1980s, the pedicled transverse rectus abdominis muscle (TRAM) flap and its microvascular free flap refinement gave patients…
Introduction Robotic surgical technology has become ubiquitous throughout the various fields of minimally invasive surgery owing to its enhanced precision, tremor elimination, motion scaling, high resolution, 3D optics, and a user-friendly interface. These unique features inspired the senior author to…
Access video lecture content for this chapter online at Elsevier eBooks+ Introduction The treatment of breast cancer is constantly evolving. Surgery remains an important pillar, but the use of radiotherapy (RT) has increased dramatically due to its clinical benefit in…
Access video content for this chapter online at Elsevier eBooks+ Introduction Lymphedema is estimated to affect over 30 million patients in the US, with breast cancer being the most frequent cause. Incidence of breast cancer-related lymphedema (BCRL) can exceed 30%…
Introduction Breast reconstruction performed with a pedicled fasciocutaneous island flap from the back is a valuable tool in the armamentarium of the reconstructive surgeon. The two main options are: (1) latissimus dorsi musculocutaneous flap (LD-MC); or (2) its “modification”, the…