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Orthopedics
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Category Obstetrics and Gynecology
Neonatal Ophthalmology
Normal Visual Development 1. How well does a normal term newborn see? Term newborns can often fixate on a target. The ability to track an object, however, does not generally develop until approximately 2 months after birth. Visual acuity, measured…
Neurology
Neurologic Examination of the Newborn Infant KEY POINTS: BASIC ELEMENTS OF THE NEONATAL NEUROLOGIC EXAMINATION 1. Mental status (level of alertness) 2. Eyes and other cranial nerves 3. Primitive (neonatal) reflexes 4. Motor and sensory function 5. Deep tendon reflexes…
Infection and Immunity
Developmental Immunology 1. In which way is the immune response of the neonate unique? Except in the case of congenital infection, all pathogen encounters in the neonatal period are first-time encounters. For those first-time exposures to pathogens, neonates are dependent…
Hematology and Transfusion Medicine
Normal Erythrocyte Values of Neonates 1. A term newborn infant on the day of birth has a hemoglobin (Hgb) of 11.8 g Is that value low or is it within the expected (normal) reference range? Expected values, also called “reference…
Genetics
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Gastroenterology and Nutrition
Development of the Gastrointestinal System 1. How does the primitive gut develop in the fetus, and what are its three divisions? Folding occurs along the embryo in a cephalocaudal progression that leads to the incorporation of some of the endodermal-lined…
Fluid, Electrolyte, Acid–Base, and Renal-Developmental Physiology and Disorders
1. How does the principal function of the kidney differ in fetal and neonatal life? During fetal life the placenta is responsible for fetal water and electrolyte homeostasis. The principal function of the fetal kidney is the continuous excretion of…
Endocrinology and Metabolism
Hypocalcemia 1. What perinatal factors are associated with hypocalcemia in the immediate newborn period? ▪ Prematurity ▪ Asphyxia ▪ Maternal diabetes ▪ Maternal hyperparathyroidism ▪ Transient congenital hypoparathyroidism ▪ Congenital absence or hypoplasia of the parathyroid glands (sporadic or as…
Dermatology
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