Key Points Pregnant women may need as much as an additional 300 kcal/day for the entire pregnancy, but requirements may vary among individuals. The IOM recommendations for gestational weight gain for women are set by weight category: underweight (BMI <18.5;…
Key Points The breadth of prenatal care includes both preconception and postpartum care, which extends up to 1 year after the infant’s birth. Interconception care is defined as care provided between the end of a woman’s pregnancy to the beginning…
Key Points Maternal influences on the in utero environment (nutrition, hormonal, metabolic, stress, environmental toxins, and drugs) are critical determinants of fetal growth and influence a wide variety of metabolic, developmental, and pathologic processes in adulthood. Both ends of the…
Key Points The innate immune system uses fast, nonspecific methods of pathogen detection to prevent and control an initial infection and includes macrophages, NK cells, the complement system, and cytokines. Macrophages have critical scavenger functions that likely help to prevent…
Key Points The “healthy” amount of weight to gain during pregnancy is BMI specific. Maternal cardiac output increases 30% to 50% during pregnancy. Supine positioning and standing are both associated with a fall in cardiac output, which is highest during…
Key Points Mean amniotic fluid volume increases from 250 to 800 mL between 16 and 32 weeks and decreases to 500 mL at term. Fetal urine production ranges from 400 to 1200 mL/day and is the primary source of amniotic…
Key Points The mature human placenta is a discoid organ that consists of an elaborately branched fetal villous tree bathed directly by maternal blood of the villous hemochorial type. Normal term placental weight averages 450 g and represents approximately one…
Prenatal Consultation and Fetal Interventions 1. Which congenital malformations can be detected prenatally? Numerous structural congential malformations can be detected prenatally, including the following: anencephaly, encephalocele, spina bifida, hydrocephalus, transposition of the great arteries, hypoplastic left heart syndrome, limb reduction…
Differential Diagnosis of Neonatal Pulmonary Disorders 1. Although apnea in premature infants is often caused by the degree of immaturity (so-called apnea of prematurity), what are other causes of apnea in this population? See Table 18-1 . TABLE 18-1 CAUSES…
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