KEY POINTS 1. Human milk is an important source of nutrients, immunologic factors, and pre- and probiotic factors for preterm and critically ill infants for up to 6 months after birth. 2. Human milk has positive effects on enhanced maturation…
KEY POINTS 1. The female breast develops with chronologic maturation, during pregnancy, and with major physiologic/endocrine changes in preparation for lactation after delivery. 2. Care providers need to begin preparing pregnant women for lactation during antenatal visits by providing information…
KEY POINTS 1. There are three types of apnea: central, mixed, and obstructive. Mixed apnea is most common in longer episodes of apnea. 2. Apnea of prematurity is primarily due to the immaturity of respiratory and central nervous systems. 3.…
KEY POINTS 1. Minimally invasive surfactant therapy administered via a thin catheter is the most commonly studied less invasive surfactant administration strategy and has been shown to improve survival free of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). 2. Compared with continuous positive airway…
KEY POINTS 1. Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN) represents continued high pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) after birth resulting in extrapulmonary shunting of the blood from pulmonary to systemic circulation, leading to hypoxemia. 2. The disorder can be idiopathic…
KEY POINTS 1. Endotracheal tube ventilation, also known as invasive ventilation, although life-saving, is associated with lung injury, especially in premature infants. 2. Volume-targeted ventilation is the preferred mode of invasive conventional mechanical ventilation. 3. High-frequency ventilation is recommended as…
KEY POINTS 1. Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants. 2. The etiopathology of RDS involves structural immaturity and surfactant deficiency in the developing lung. 3. The diagnosis rests on the presence…
KEY POINTS 1. There is a precisely controlled sequence of circulatory and respiratory changes at birth that leads to the establishment of adult-type circulation and airborne respiration. 2. Despite the well-established sequence of events, 1 in 10 infants, particularly those…
KEY POINTS 1. The first 60 minutes after birth constitutes a Golden Hour for a newborn infant, when appropriate clinical management can improve long-term outcomes. 2. The physiologic transition from intrauterine to extrauterine life is complex, and alterations in this…
KEY POINTS 1. Knowledge of the normal physiologic transition from fetal to neonatal life and potential disruptions of this process is vital to a comprehensive understanding of neonatal resuscitation. 2. Preparation of personnel and equipment prior to resuscitation is essential.…