General information Pentoxifylline (oxipentifylline) is a methylxanthine that antagonizes the vasoconstrictor effects of catecholamines and increases cyclic AMP concentrations, causing smooth muscle to relax. It has also been claimed to correct impaired microcirculation, by improving various factors that disturb blood…
General information Pentostatin (2′-deoxycoformycin) is a natural product isolated from Streptomyces antibioticus . It is a potent and irreversible inhibitor of adenosine deaminase, which is widely distributed in mammalian tissues, with particularly high constitutive activity in lymphocytes (T cells more…
General information Pentetrazol (pentylenetetrazol) is a central and respiratory stimulant, similar to doxapram hydrochloride. It is a GABA A receptor antagonist and is anxiogenic [ ]. It has been used in respiratory depression and has also been included in multi-ingredient…
General information Pentazocine is a partial agonist at opioid receptors. Adverse reactions to effective doses are largely typical of its class [ , ], with some quantitative exceptions. Drug studies Comparative studies Pentazocine and morphine were compared in 16 non-abusing…
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General information Pentamorphone (14β-pentylaminomorphinone) was developed as a potent opiate with a rapid onset and short duration of action, similar to that of fentanyl, which was reported to produce analgesia with limited depression of ventilation [ ]. However, it proved…
General information Pentamidine, an aromatic diamine, has been known since the late 1930s as a treatment for trypanosomiasis and some forms of leishmaniasis. In recent times it has been extensively used in the treatment of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia. Its mechanism…
General information Pentagastrin is a short peptide that stimulates the production of gastric acid from the stomach by a direct action on gastrin receptors and of calcitonin from thyroid C cells [ ]. It also acts on cholecystokinin receptors centrally…
See also Beta-lactam antibiotics General information The basic structure of the penicillins consists of a thiazolidine ring, the beta-lactam ring, and a side chain. The beta-lactam ring is essential for antibacterial activity. The side chain determines in large part the…
General information Penicillamine is dimethylcysteine or 2-amino-3-mercapto-3-methylbutyric acid, a sulfur-containing amino acid. It has three functional groups that largely determine its pharmacological effects: an alpha-amine, a carboxyl, and a sulfhydryl group. Because the levorotatory isomer, l -penicillamine, is a pyridoxine…