Introduction Many patients with renal disease have few or non-specific symptoms, whereas disease within the urinary tract usually does have symptoms, many of which are reasonably specific for the disease processes involved. As the kidney and urinary tract are clearly…
Introduction In recent years impressive advances have been made throughout the field of neurology—in delineating disease entities and understanding their aetiology and pathogenesis; in diagnostic methods, particularly imaging and genetic testing; and in treatment and management. However, despite advances in…
Introduction Musculoskeletal symptoms are a major cause of pain and disability, accounting for a quarter of all general practitioner consultations in the United Kingdom (UK), with significant economic consequences. Common musculoskeletal conditions, such as back pain and osteoarthritis, are the…
General principles A key requirement of being a good doctor is the ability to make a robust diagnosis. Making a diagnosis requires identifying departure from normal and involves answering two key questions: 1. Where is the problem (i.e. the anatomical…
Introduction Recent decades have seen major changes in patterns of cardiovascular disease. In the developed world, syphilitic and tuberculous involvement of the cardiovascular system has become rare, and the incidence of rheumatic disease has declined considerably. Myocardial and conducting tissue…
Introduction Diseases of the respiratory system account for up to a third of deaths in most countries and for a major proportion of visits to the doctor and time away from work or school. As with every aspect of diagnosis…
Introduction Pain is a familiar phenomenon that is part of our everyday life and is a feature of various diseases. It most commonly accompanies an injury, where it serves its most important purpose, namely, to protect us, alert us and…
Introduction Fever is one of the most common presenting features in the practice of any doctor who sees patients with acute illness. It is the hallmark of the body’s response to infection or inflammation. Before looking at the causes of…
Introduction A medical emergency requires swift recognition and prompt action. Recognition of urgency does not necessarily require a precise diagnosis; the fact that the patient is dangerously unwell is usually obvious owing to an abnormality revealed by the internationally recognized…
Introduction Psychiatry is the ultimate clinical speciality. At one level, it is about one unique organ—the brain. Unlike other organs, our brains can argue, change jobs, vote and perform many other things. However, the practice of psychiatry is concerned with…