Background An abdominal ultrasound is a test that utilizes pulsed high-frequency sound waves (2–5 MHz) to create images of the abdominal organs without ionizing radiation. It creates real-time two-dimensional images of the various abdominal organs that can be displayed in…
An anesthesiologist takes care of patients in the periods immediately before, during, and immediately after surgery, which are known as the preoperative, perioperative, and postoperative periods, respectively. In the perioperative period, the goals of an anesthesiologist can be broadly broken…
Background Achieving glycemic control is imperative for patients with diabetes undergoing tests and procedures, many of which require dietary restrictions. For these patients, mismanagement of diabetes medications during fasting periods can have dangerous consequences including hypo- or hyperglycemia. This chapter…
General Considerations for Periprocedural Anticoagulation When evaluating a patient on anticoagulation during the periprocedural period, it is important to review the bleeding risk, both for the procedure and the individual patient, and the thromboembolic risk of the patient. The bleeding…
This book embarks on medical tests and procedures and how they interface with pharmacologic interventions. In general, testing can include: ■ The questions asked of patients with chief concerns at their histories ■ Physical exam maneuvers performed on the patient…
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1 What is palliative care? A specialized medical care approach for people with serious illness that focuses on providing relief from the symptoms and stress of serious illness. The goal is to improve quality of life for both the patient…
1 What changes in organ function occur in advanced age? See Table 18.1 . Table 18.1 Changes in Organ Systems With Aging and Their Consequences System Aging-Related Change Consequence of this Change Skin Xerosis (dry skin) Frequent, diffuse pruritus Cardiovascular…
Overview and Approach to the Patient 1 What is localization? The process of determining which part(s) of the nervous system are malfunctioning in order to produce the patient’s signs or symptoms. Localization is key to the neurologic evaluation and often…
Diabetes Mellitus and Glycemic Disorders 1 List the three main categories of diabetes mellitus (DM) Type 1: Previously called insulin-dependent DM or juvenile-onset DM Type 2: Previously called non–insulin-dependent DM or adult-onset DM Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM): Diabetes diagnosed in…