The original demonstration by Avery and Goebel, in 1929, that capsular polysaccharides were immunogenic when linked to a protein, and 60 years later, the demonstrated efficacy of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) conjugate vaccines in the 1990s (see Chapter 25)…
E. Diane Williamson, PhD, DSc Defence Science and Technology Laboratory CBR Division Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down, Salisbury Wiltshire United Kingdom Petra C.F. Oyston, PhD, BSc(Hons) Defence Science and Technology Laboratory CBR Division Dstl Porton Down, Salisbury Wiltshire…
INTRODUCTION History of Disease Pertussis (whooping cough) is a bacterial respiratory infection caused by Bordetella pertussis, a Gram-negative bacillus. Its major manifestation is a protracted cough that lasts many weeks, marked by characteristic intense paroxysms that often terminate in an…
Parasitic diseases caused by helminths and unicellular eukaryotes (protozoa) are major causes of human disease in the resource-poor nations of the tropics. The Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation’s Global Burden of Disease Study for 2019 estimated that 643,000 people…
Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) have become the leading cause of acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis in countries where rotavirus vaccination has been successfully implemented. Overall, HuNoVs have been identified in ~18% of reported acute gastroenteritis cases worldwide. In the United States, HuNoVs result…
This chapter provides an overview of the challenges and advances in vaccine development for chronic and noncommunicable diseases. Because of space limitations it is not possible to provide an exhaustive representation of the field; consequently, we address a few major…
HISTORY OF THE DISEASE The clinical picture of mumps was first described by Hippocrates in the 5th century bc in his first book of Epidemics , in which he described outbreaks among young males characterized by swelling about one or…
## Meningococcal disease was first described in Geneva, Switzerland in 1805. Different capsular groups of meningococci were first recognized serologically in 1909, and serogroup B was defined based on the immunological difference in capsular polysaccharide structure in the 1940s. Capsular…
## Meningococcal disease, caused by the bacterium Neisseria meningitidis , is a deadly illness that can progress rapidly. The case fatality rate, which was 70%–85% before the advent of antibiotics, is now 10%–15%, and many survivors have long term sequelae…
INTRODUCTION History of Measles The written history of measles is often traced to the writings of the Persian physician Rhazes, also known as Abu Becr, who lived during the 10th century ( Fig. 38.1 ). However, the disease was apparently…