Introduction and Scope of the Problem Pain is perhaps the most feared and persistent symptom in palliative care, affecting a major proportion of patients in this setting. Corticosteroids and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are frequently used to manage mild to…
Introduction and Scope of the Problem As defined by the 2011 International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP), neuropathic pain is “pain caused by a lesion or disease of the somatosensory system.” This was a new definition, distinguishing a…
Introduction and Scope of the Problem Methadone is a powerful tool for treating pain in patients with serious illness. Initially synthesized in the late 1940s, methadone has grown in popularity as an analgesic in recent years. Due to action at…
Introduction and Scope of the Problem Opioids are a mainstay of pain management for patients with serious or advanced illness. For the majority of patients, there is no clearly preferred opioid; however, medication selection for patients with renal or hepatic…
Introduction and Scope of the Problem Pain is defined as “an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage.” The experience of pain is subjective, and thus a patient’s self-report of pain is the gold standard…
Introduction and Scope of the Problem Opioids can be part of a safe and effective pain management strategy for patients when prescribed according to evidence-based guidelines. Clinicians may wish to change from one opioid or route to another for a…
Introduction and Scope of the Problem Despite recognition of the importance of pain management, relative availability of effective pain medications in the United States, and multiple published guidelines for the management of pain, the undertreatment of pain in patients with…
This book section provides information about the use of existing repurposed drugs in cancer treatment and their clinical applications. Developing the same drug which has previously been designed for a certain disorder, to serve a new therapeutic application for the…
Acknowledgments The authors acknowledge Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT), the Portuguese Agency for Scientific Research, for financial support through the Research Project no. 016648 (Ref. POCI-01-0145-FEDER-016648), the project PEst-UID/NEU/04539/2013, and COMPETE (Ref. POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007440). The Coimbra Chemistry Centre is supported…
Introduction of nanomedicine Nanomedicine was first entered the preclinical in the mid-1980s, and the first product is PEGylated adenosine deaminase enzyme that was approved by FDA in early 1990 [ ]. Ever since then, scientists hold great passion in this…