1 What are the emotional and educational needs of children with hematological/oncological conditions? Although every child is different, there are certain considerations when it comes to the emotional well-being of children with chronic and acute medical conditions. A group of…
1 What are the differences between palliative care, end-of-life care, and hospice care? Palliative care for children and adolescents is an evolving field but can be defined as an interdisciplinary collaborative approach to improve the quality of life of children…
1 Describe complementary and integrative health therapies. Complementary and integrative health therapies (CIHTs) are nonmainstream practices used in combination or together with conventional medicine. CIHTs are divided into three categories: natural products, mind and body practices, and whole-systems. Natural products…
1 Describe the goals of survivorship care and the role of the survivorship clinic. Childhood cancer survivors are at an increased risk for significant adverse health effects and impaired quality of life after disease-related therapy. Multimodal regimens, consisting of chemotherapy,…
1 Compare and contrast DNA and RNA as targets for molecular testing. DNA is double-stranded with A-T and C-G pairs of deoxyribonucleotides; it includes exons, introns, and intergenic regions; all nucleated normal cells have the full DNA complement; and DNA…
1 Histology is one of the most important factors that play a role in risk stratification of neuroblastomas. What features differentiate between favorable and unfavorable histology, and how do they relate to patient age? Neuroblastoma (NB) is the most prevalent…
1 What is B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and how is it diagnosed? B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) is a neoplasm of B lineage lymphoid progenitors (B lymphoblasts). It includes multiple distinct subtypes characterized by constellations of genetic alterations, including aneuploidy,…
1 What are typical infectious complications in pediatric oncology patients? Typical infectious complications include bacterial sepsis, systemic or organ-specific infections caused by either primary or reactivated viruses (e.g., cytomegalovirus [CMV], Epstein-Barr virus [EBV]), respiratory viruses (e.g., influenza, respiratory syncytial virus…
1 How does radiation therapy work? In the realm of external beam radiation (the most commonly used radiotherapy), a linear accelerator produces a beam of high-energy electrons, which hits a metal target at the head of the machine. Upon striking…
1 Describe the collection processes, storage conditions, clinical indications, and pediatric dosing for red blood cells, fresh frozen plasma, platelets, and cryoprecipitate (see Table 18.1 ). Red blood cells (RBCs): Indication: Increase oxygen-carrying capacity Collection: Apheresis or centrifugation of whole…