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Drug-induced liver injury (DILI), also described as hepatotoxicity due to medications, is a common and potentially serious cause of acute and chronic liver disease. Many drugs have the capacity to cause hepatotoxicity ( Fig. 169.1 ). In addition, a growing…
Infectious Mononucleosis Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is the causative pathogen for infectious mononucleosis and has been associated with a number of diseases involving B cells, including Burkitt lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disorder. Acute clinical features of infectious mononucleosis include…
Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a common bloodborne disease, affecting an estimated 3 to 5 million persons in the United States and more than 71 million persons worldwide. It was first recognized as a transfusion-associated hepatitis virus in…
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is an enveloped, double-strand DNA virus within the Hepadnavirus family that can cause acute and chronic hepatitis. In certain populations, including Southeast Asians, Alaskan natives, and sub-Saharan Africans, in areas where HBV is highly endemic, the…
Acute hepatitis with a predominant hepatocellular pattern of liver injury may occur as a consequence of a diverse spectrum of etiologies, including both nonhepatotrophic and hepatotrophic viruses. Among the latter group, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, and hepatitis E infections are…
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Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) represents a rare chronic, cholestatic liver disorder characterized by fibro-obliterative inflammation of the intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile duct system. Due to its strong association with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), it is believed to have an autoimmune…
Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), previously known as primary biliary cirrhosis, is a chronic cholestatic liver disorder characterized by lymphocytic cholangitis involving the small intralobular bile ducts within the liver ( Figs. 162.1 and 162.2 ). This first step in PBC…
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