Family History These questions refer to your parents, grandparents, children, grandchildren, brothers, sisters, aunts, and uncles. Has anyone in your family had: Cancer Yes No Diabetes Yes No Allergies Yes No Arthritis or rheumatism Yes No Syphilis Yes No Tuberculosis…
Key Concepts The masquerade syndromes comprise a group of disorders that mimic an ocular inflammatory disease but require specific treatment other than, or in addition to, anti-inflammatory therapy. Because many of the masquerade syndromes are malignancies or infectious processes, early…
Key Concepts White-dot syndromes include a group of posterior uveitides characterized by discrete, well-circumscribed white or yellow-colored lesions at the level of the outer retina, retinal pigment epithelium, or choroid. These lesions may have some degree of atrophy as well.…
Key Concepts Serpiginous choroiditis is a rare, clinically defined disorder characterized by a geographic pattern of choroiditis that typically extends from the juxtapapillary area and spreads centrifugally over time. The disease often involves both eyes and can cause irreversible retinal…
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Key Concepts Behçet disease is a multisystem disease, with imminently vision-threatening posterior ocular complications. The posterior pole disease should not be treated with corticosteroids alone. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors have been suggested as first-line immunosuppressives for ocular Behçet disease.…
Key Concepts Human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A29 is very strongly associated with birdshot chorioretinopathy. Birdshot chorioretinopathy can lead to severe visual handicap. Long-term therapy is often needed to control the disease. The spectrum of posterior uveitic entities is quite broad, with…
Key Concepts Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) syndrome is a systemic autoimmune disease, which targets melanin containing cells. Typical manifestations include uveitis with exudative retinal detachments, headache, tinnitus, poliosis, and vitiligo. Posterior pole disease should be treated very aggressively. Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) syndrome is…
Key Concepts Sympathetic ophthalmia (SO) is a bilateral condition. SO is now more commonly seen after vitrectomy than after accidental injury. Dalen-Fuchs nodules are commonly seen in the retinal periphery of eyes with SO, but they are not pathognomonic for…
Key Concepts Sarcoidosis is a multisystem granulomatous disease that can affect almost every organ in the body in people of all racial and ethnic groups. The cause of sarcoidosis remains unknown, but a number of studies have elucidated the immunologic…