Introduction Although anterior vaginal prolapse is most common, loss of apical support is usually present in women with prolapse that extends beyond the hymen. There is growing recognition that adequate support for the vaginal apex is an essential component of…
One-third to one-half of all surgeries for pelvic organ prolapse involve the posterior vaginal wall. Although rectocele repair has been commonly performed for over a century, the long-term functional and anatomic outcomes and ideal surgical technique have not been determined.…
Introduction Anterior vaginal prolapse occurs commonly and may coexist with disorders of micturition. Mild anterior vaginal prolapse often occurs in parous women, but usually presents few problems. As the prolapse progresses, symptoms may develop and worsen, and treatment becomes indicated.…
Introduction In 1938 Murless reported the use of morrhuate sodium for injection management of urinary incontinence. In the early 1990s, transurethral and periurethral injection of bovine collagen was introduced for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence and was the gold…
Introduction Synthetic midurethral slings (MUSs) have become the most popular surgical procedures performed for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence (SUI) in the twenty-first century. Few operations in gynecology or urology have been as well studied or have gained such…
Introduction The concept of using a patient’s own tissue as a “sling” to provide support under the urethra to treat urinary incontinence dates to the beginning of the twentieth century; however, it was not until the last quarter of the…
Introduction Since 1949, when Marshall et al. first described retropubic urethrovesical suspension for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence (SUI), retropubic procedures have proved to be consistently curative. Although numerous terminologies and variations of retropubic repairs have been described, the…
Introduction Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) is an involuntary loss of urine on effort, physical exertion, or with an increase in the intraabdominal pressure upon sneezing or coughing ( ). Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) is clinically defined as “the descent of…
Introduction Pelvic floor disorders (PFDs), including urinary incontinence (UI), pelvic organ prolapse (POP), and anorectal disorders, are prevalent conditions that have a significant negative impact on women’s quality of life. The main approach to evaluating these conditions starts with a…
Historical perspective The first endoscopic technique for evaluating the female urethra and bladder was described by Bozzini in 1805 and used candlelight reflected through a funnel in the urethra. Nineteenth-century refinements to this crude instrument included a surrounding cannula and,…