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Neonatal Neurology in the Low-Resource Setting for the Term and Preterm Newborn
Introduction Prominent identified causes of brain injury in the low-resource setting (LRS) include hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE)/neonatal encephalopathy (NE), germinal matrix–intraventricular hemorrhage (GMH-IVH) in the premature infant, prolonged neonatal seizures, neonatal hypoglycemia, and hyperbilirubinemia (kernicterus). The magnitude of the contributions of…
Passive Addiction and Teratogenic Effects
Drugs can exert major effects on the developing central nervous system (CNS). In the broadest sense, drugs may disturb specific developmental events in the brain and, in turn, produce teratogenic effects. In addition, maternal ingestion of certain drugs can result…
Brain Tumors and Vein of Galen Malformations
In this chapter, space-occupying lesions including brain tumors, vein of Galen malformations, and arachnoid cysts are discussed. These disorders are considered in the same chapter because they represent important intracranial mass lesions and share certain clinical features. We do not…
Injuries of Extracranial, Cranial, Intracranial, Spinal Cord, and Peripheral Nervous System Structures
INTRODUCTION This chapter is focused on injuries of extracranial, cranial, intracranial, spinal cord, and peripheral nervous system structures. In particular, the emphasis is on those disorders that appear to be related primarily to mechanical trauma. Adverse mechanical events occur principally…
Bacterial and Fungal Intracranial Infections
Bacterial infections of the central nervous system (CNS) in the newborn are common and are of major clinical importance. By far the most frequent of these infections is neonatal bacterial meningitis, and this chapter deals with this disorder in detail.…
Viral, Protozoan, and Related Intracranial Infections
The central nervous system (CNS) and its covering membranes may become involved in a variety of infectious processes, with devastating effects on structure and function. Infections may occur during intrauterine development, in association with the birth process, or in the…
Muscle Involvement and Restricted Disorders
Muscle, the final component of the motor system, is the site of abnormalities with those essential clinical manifestations of hypotonia and weakness that unify the other disorders of the motor system (see Chapter 36 ). In this chapter, we deal…
Levels Above Lower Motor Neuron to Neuromuscular Junction
An effective means of attaining an understanding of the major disorders of the neonatal motor system is to organize the approach to these disorders on the basis of the major affected anatomical site within the motor system. Thus in this…
Arthrogryposis Multiplex Congenita
Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita refers to a syndrome, apparent at birth, characterized by fixed positions of multiple joints and an associated limitation of movement. The term arthrogryposis is derived from the Greek and literally means bent joint . Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita…