Common Clinical Problems From Liver and Biliary System Disease Pathological basis of hepatic signs and symptoms Sign or symptom Pathological basis Jaundice Haemolysis (increased formation of bilirubin), liver disease (impaired conjugation and/or excretion) or biliary obstruction Dark urine Conjugated hyperbilirubinaemia…
Open full size image Common Clinical Problems From Alimentary System Disease Pathological basis of gastrointestinal signs and symptoms Sign or symptom Pathological basis Dysphagia (difficulty in swallowing) Impaired neuromuscular function (e.g. multiple sclerosis) Obstruction (intrinsic or extrinsic) Heartburn (indigestion) Oesophageal/gastric…
Open full size image Common Clinical Problems From Respiratory Tract Disease Pathological basis of respiratory signs and symptoms Sign or symptom Pathological basis Sputum Clear or mucoid Purulent With blood Excess secretion from bronchial mucous glands (e.g. in asthma and…
Common Clinical Problems From Cardiovascular Disease Pathological basis of cardiovascular signs and symptoms Sign or symptom Pathological basis Angina Myocardial ischaemia — due to spasm, atheroma or thrombosis of coronary arteries Abnormal blood pressure Hypertension Mostly ‘essential’ (primary, idiopathic) due…
The diagnosis and treatment of patients could not happen without the use of laboratory tests and their interpretation by pathologists. The history, symptoms and signs of an illness may be highly suggestive of a particular diagnosis but that diagnosis almost…
As complex organisms become older, so each species accumulates a characteristic series of changes, and perhaps an enumeration of those changes might be all we need to know about ageing. However, things are not that simple: some of these changes…
General Characteristics of Neoplasms (Tumours) ➤ Tumours arise due to accumulation of multiple genetic alterations (e.g. mutations, deletions, translocations) and epigenetic changes (e.g. promoter methylation) in cells driving clonal evolution ➤ These changes result in abnormal (neoplastic) cell growth, forming…
Inflammation is the local physiological response to tissue injury. It is not, in itself, a disease, but is usually a manifestation of disease. Inflammation may have beneficial effects, such as the destruction of invading microorganisms and the walling off of…
Defence Against Infection ➤ Nonspecific mechanisms include the barriers such as skin, lysozyme in some secretions, ciliary motion in the respiratory tract, complement proteins, and colonisation by commensal bacteria ➤ Innate mechanisms lack memory ➤ Adaptive immunity is characterised by…
Blood suffers the various pathological processes that occur in all tissues but because blood is a tissue that circulates there is also a specific set of pathologies related to defects in flow. Thromboembolic events are major causes of morbidity and…