For video accompanying this chapter see ExpertConsult.com. See inside cover for access details. Anatomy The crystalline lens, like the cornea, has two principal optical properties: transparency and refractive power. Its structure reflects this. It is a transparent, biconvex, avascular mass…
For video s accompanying this chapter see ExpertConsult.com. See inside cover for access details. Introduction Corneal surgery in children is challenging and there is reluctance to perform these procedures due to poor outcomes. However, modern imaging modalities and surgical techniques…
Abnormalities of the cornea may be classed as an abnormality of shape or opacity. The etiology determines the management of any associated visual loss or amblyopia. Abnormal Corneal Shape Keratoconus Keratoconus is the most common corneal dystrophy, affecting about 1…
Introduction Anterior segment developmental anomalies (ASDA) are rare but potentially visually devastating. It is important for the pediatric ophthalmologist to know about certain important features when faced with a child with ASDA. It is worth remembering that if there is…
For video accompanying this chapter see ExpertConsult.com. See inside cover for access details. Although rare, several conjunctival tumors can occur in the pediatric population. These tumors range from benign lesions, including the most common, conjunctival nevi, to malignant lesions such…
For video accompanying this chapter see ExpertConsult.com. See inside cover for access details. Anatomy The conjunctiva is a thin, translucent, vascular mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior surface of the eyeball as far…
Introduction Non-infectious orbital inflammation in childhood is uncommon. As in adults, the commonest cause is thyroid-associated orbitopathy (TAO). The remainder can be divided into: (1) specific forms of inflammation, which include granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA, previously called Wegener granulomatosis), sarcoidosis,…
Cystic Lesions A variety of cystic lesions may occur in and around children's orbits. By far the commonest is the dermoid cyst, but other cystic choristomas may occur, including those lined by conjunctival and respiratory epithelium. Other cystic lesions include…
Craniofacial Clefts Craniofacial clefts (CFC) are rare congenital malformations. They may involve the whole head or be limited to subtle defects in apposition of junctional facial structures. These complex malformations may be isolated or syndromic; they have significant functional, psychological…
Introduction Histiocytic disorders occasionally affect the eye and ocular adnexa. The range of histiocytic lesions seen by ophthalmologists includes Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH), juvenile xanthogranuloma (JXG), Rosai–Dorfman disease (RDD), and Erdheim–Chester disease (ECD). While LCH and JXG are predominately pediatric…