Up to 20% of infants have a watery eye in the first month of life. The vast majority have an outflow problem such as congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction (CNDO); the rest may have potentially serious problems, leading to increased tear…
Introduction The child who appears to hate bright light is often experiencing photophobia, an unpleasant or painful sensory disturbance evoked by light, but may have other related painless sensations including dazzle, glare or delayed adaptation to light. Their behavior may…
Introduction Excessive blinking is a common reason for children to attend the ophthalmologist. The diagnosis is usually apparent after a careful history and examination. The vast majority of the time, the child will have a blinking tic, or an exacerbation…
Introduction Although most of the time the cause of a red eye in infancy is easily identified, uncomplicated and treatable, occasionally the underlying problem is serious, with potential risks for visual development or even the patient’s life. Clinical suspicion and…
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For videos accompanying this chapter see ExpertConsult.com. See inside cover for access details. Introduction Abnormal eye movements in the infant or young child can be congenital or acquired. They may be associated with abnormal early visual development, or a sign…
For videos accompanying this chapter and supplementary materials see ExpertConsult.com. See inside cover for access details. Introduction Nystagmus consists of rhythmic ocular oscillations. Pathological nystagmus is involuntary, although it may be modulated when performing certain tasks such as reading. Infantile…
For video accompanying this chapter see ExpertConsult.com. See inside cover for access details. Introduction Strabismus surgery is generally considered safe. It is, after all, a superficial, peribulbar procedure, involving surgery to the conjunctiva, Tenon’s capsule, extraocular muscle tendons, and anterior…
For videos accompanying this chapter see ExpertConsult.com. See inside cover for access details. Introduction The surgical management of patients with strabismus begins with a careful history and examination to understand current patient concerns, past treatments, and to gain an understanding…
For videos accompanying this chapter see ExpertConsult.com. See inside cover for access details. The management of strabismus in children and adults includes a range of surgical and non-surgical strategies. Non-surgical methods are less invasive and can be used to reduce…