Introduction Diagnosis and surgical correction of strabismus require anatomic knowledge of the extraocular muscles (EOMs) and their relationships with other orbital tissues. This chapter summarizes this anatomy and some surgical applications. Overview of the extraocular muscles The historically understood six…
Introduction Amblyopia is the most common cause of visual impairment in children: it often persists into adulthood. The prevalence in childhood is estimated to be 1%−4%, depending on the population studied, with 2.4% as a best prevalence estimate. It is…
Introduction Our two eyes view the world simultaneously from slightly different angles. The visual fields of the two eyes receive largely overlapping images on their two-dimensional retinal surfaces. The information contained in the separate and slightly dissimilar images arising in…
Introduction Excimer laser refractive surgery for high refractive error associated with amblyopia has been performed for over two decades in children, with excellent visual acuity and refractive results and minimal complications. Intraocular refractive procedures have also been performed in children…
Introduction Child protection and safeguarding is about protecting individual children identified as suffering or likely to suffer significant harm as a result of child maltreatment. Child maltreatment includes all types of abuse and neglect of a child under the age…
Accidental eye injuries account for 8%–14% of all injuries at children’s hospitals, and these accidental eye injuries led to visual deficit in 35%–49% of cases. This chapter will discuss the classification of eye injuries in children and review the acute,…
Acknowledgments Dr Avery is supported by The Children’s Tumor Foundation, The Gilbert Family Foundation, and grants EY022673 (National Eye Institute), CA236536 (National Cancer Institute), and CA180886-S1 (National Cancer Institute) of the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, and grant W81XWH1910376…
For video accompanying this chapter see ExpertConsult.com. See inside cover for access details. The term mitochondrial disease (MD) comprises genetic disorders that lead to dysfunction of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) or to other disturbances of mitochondrial structure and function. The generation…
Introduction Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common cancer in childhood, accounting for more than 30% of all childhood cancers, with 400–500 new children diagnosed annually in the UK. Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) accounts for 5% of children's cancers,…
For supplementary materials see ExpertConsult.com. See inside cover for access details . Introduction Many neurometabolic diseases present in childhood with ophthalmic manifestations. In some conditions, the characteristic ophthalmic features may lead toward an early diagnosis. In others, the ophthalmic complications…