Eyelid trauma Periocular haematoma A ‘black eye,’ consisting of a haematoma (focal collection of blood) and/or periocular ecchymosis (diffuse bruising) and oedema, is a very common result of blunt injury and is generally innocuous. It is important to exclude serious…
Cornea Vortex keratopathy (cornea verticillata) Signs: (a) fine greyish or golden-brown opacities in the inferior corneal epithelium, (b) progressing to a whorl-like pattern that originates from a point below the pupil and swirls outwards, sparing the limbus ( Fig. 20.1…
Optic nerve Table 19.1 Signs of optic nerve dysfunction Reduced VA Relative afferent pupillary defect Dyschromatopsia: impairment of colour vision, mainly red and green Diminished light brightness sensitivity Diminished contrast sensitivity Visual field defects, varying with the underlying pathology Table…
Amblyopia Definition: unilateral, or rarely bilateral, subnormal best corrected VA caused by form vision deprivation and/or abnormal binocular interaction, for which there is no identifiable pathology of the eye or visual pathway. Classification Strabismic: resulting from abnormal binocular interaction in…
Muscae volitantes Muscae volitantes are extremely common minute fly- or worm-like physiological opacities best seen by the patient against a pale background. They are thought to be predominantly composed of embryological remnants in the vitreous gel. You’re Reading a Preview…
Definitions Retinal detachment (RD): separation of the neurosensory retina (NSR) from the RPE, with the accumulation of subretinal fluid (SRF). Rhegmatogenous RD: occurs when a full-thickness defect in the NSR permits synchytic (liquefied) vitreous to gain access to the subretinal…
Generalized photoreceptor dystrophies Retinitis pigmentosa Genetics: Typical retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a group of retinal dystrophies initially mainly affecting the rod photoreceptor cells and subsequently cones (rod–cone dystrophy). It can be sporadic or inherited as AD, AR, or X-L; many…
Age-related macular degeneration Introduction Definition: degeneration affecting the macula; characterized by drusen and RPE changes, and sometimes CNV. Classification: non-exudative (‘dry’)—most common, and exudative (‘wet’); the latter is associated with more rapid progression to advanced sight loss. Importance: most common…
Diabetic retinopathy Introduction Prevalence: (a) the overall prevalence of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in diabetic patients is approximately 40%; (b) DR is more common in type 1 than in type 2 diabetes, (c) sight-threatening disease is present in up to 10%,…
Benign epibulbar tumours Conjunctival naevus Diagnosis Presentation: in 1st and 2nd decades. Signs: (a) slightly elevated pigmented bulbar lesion of variable size and pigmentation, (b) often juxtalimbal ( Fig. 12.1 ); (c) cystic spaces are common. Signs of potential malignancy:…