Introduction Every healthy human female experiences reproductive cycles that organize their reproductive system for pregnancy. The reproductive cycles are under the dynamic influence of integrated action of hormones from hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, and gonadal ovarian steroids. Ovarian cycle is directly…
Physiology of the male reproductive system Introduction The male reproductive physiology involves external structures (scrotum and penis) and internal structures (testis, epididymis, vas deferens, and prostate). These are well vascularized and supported by several other glands. The primary male androgen…
Embryology of the male and female reproductive systems Embryonic sexual differentiation is a very delicate process ( Fig. 1.1 ) that starts with the genotypic determination at the time of fertilization (i.e., XY or XX) and then concludes in a…