Key Points Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is the most serious form of acute stroke, which causes enormous loss of life and suffering on a global scale but particularly so in older and socioeconomically disadvantaged populations where the prevalence of hypertension,…
Key Points Lacunar infarcts are small (<15 mm diameter) subcortical infarcts that result from occlusion of a single penetrating artery. Lacunar infarcts account for approximately one-quarter of all ischemic strokes. Lacunar infarcts are associated with clinical lacunar syndromes, but the…
Key Points Large artery atherothrombosis, cardiac embolism, and small artery disease are the important mechanisms of infarction in vertebrobasilar artery territory. In lateral medullary infarction, clinical manifestations vary according to rostro-caudal and ventrodorsal topography. Rostral-ventral infarcts are associated with severe…
Key Points Large artery atherothrombosis, cardiac embolism, and small-artery disease are important stroke mechanisms of posterior cerebral artery territory infarction. The clinical features of thalamic infarction vary according to vascular topography: the inferolateral, tuberothalamic, paramedian, and posterior choroidal arteries. Inferolateral…
Key Points The middle cerebral artery (MCA) is the largest cerebral artery, and it is the most commonly affected intracranial vessel in cerebrovascular accident. It supplies most of the outer convex brain surface, nearly all the basal ganglia, and the…
Key Points Infarction of the territory of the anterior cerebral artery (ACA) can be the result of carotid artery atherosclerosis and embolism, cardioembolism, local ACA atherosclerosis, or ACA dissection. Considerable variation describes the anatomy of the ACA and the brain…
Key Points Carotid disease is a common manifestation of focal atherosclerosis most often located at the origin of the internal carotid artery, and accounts for 10%–20% of ischemic strokes. Intracranial carotid disease is more common than extracranial disease in Asian,…
Key Points Several scales are used to assess patients with ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke. These scales ease communication among healthcare professionals, facilitate stroke care, and are crucial for stroke research. The scales are used in a variety of settings and…
Key Points Extensive etiologic heterogeneity in ischemic stroke necessitates categorizing patients into classes with discrete phenotypic, pathophysiologic, therapeutic, and prognostic features. The primary purpose of etiologic classification is to establish a common language in the field for better scientific communication.…
Key Points Fabry disease is an X-linked recessive disorder caused by reduced α-galactosidase activity for which enzyme replacement therapy is available. Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy is a small-vessel stroke disorder caused by mutations in the…