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Lipid Disorders in Children and Adolescents
Introduction Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality among adults in industrialized countries. Dyslipidemia (specifically elevated low-density lipoprotein [LDL] cholesterol, low high-density lipoprotein [HDL] cholesterol, and high non-HDL cholesterol and triglycerides [TGs]) has been identified…
Obesity, Metabolic Syndrome and Disorders of Energy Balance
Introduction The global prevalence of pediatric obesity has increased by a staggering eightfold over the past 4 decades with a current estimate of 124 million children, ages 5 to 19, having obesity worldwide. The concept of the adipocyte functioning as…
Hypoglycemia in the Toddler and Child
Introduction Glucose is an obligate fuel for the brain under physiological conditions. The brain can neither synthesize glucose nor store more than approximately a 20-minute supply of glycogen; therefore brain survival requires a continuous supply of glucose. The brain can…
Autoimmune Polyglandular Syndromes
Introduction The autoimmune polyglandular syndromes (APS) are uncommon constellations of organ-specific autoimmune diseases characterized by the occurrence of more than one autoimmune disease in an affected individual ( Table 22.1 ). Although autoimmune endocrine disorders commonly affect single organs, multiorgan…
Diabetes Mellitus
Introduction Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a syndrome of disturbed energy metabolism involving carbohydrate, protein, and fat brought about by absolute or relative deficiency of insulin secretion, in the context of sensitivity or resistance to insulin actions at various tissue sites.…
Disorders of Mineral Metabolism II. Abnormalities of Mineral Homeostasis in the Newborn, Infant, Child, and Adolescent
Acknowledgment In memory of Frank B. Diamond, Jr, MD. Disorders of calcium, magnesium, and phosphate metabolism and of bone formation, accrual, and maintenance during the first 2 decades of life result from suboptimal ingestion, absorption, or retention of constituent nutrients,…
Care of Transgender/Gender Nonconforming Youth
Introduction Concurrent with increasing public awareness of individuals whose gender identity is not aligned with their physical sex characteristics, there has been an increasing number of gender nonconforming/transgender youth seeking medical services to enable the development of physical characteristics consistent…
Puberty and Its Disorders in the Male
Puberty is the process through which children attain adult secondary sexual characteristics and reproductive capability. In humans, two distinct processes of sexual maturation are recognized: gonadarche and adrenarche. Gonadarche is defined as the growth and maturation of the gonads, resulting…
Turner Syndrome
Historical background Turner syndrome (TS) is defined as a disorder caused by complete or partial absence of the second sex chromosome, with or without cell line mosaicism. This further needs to be associated with one or more characteristic physical features…