Acknowledgment This chapter is dedicated to the memory of Krzysztof Krawczynski, MD, PhD, who contributed to the chapter in previous editions of the book. Hepatitis E is a form of viral hepatitis caused by HEV. The disease, often acute, self-limited,…
HDV (also known as the delta agent) is the causative virus of hepatitis D and is associated with both acute and chronic hepatitis. It is one of the most severe forms of chronic viral hepatitis. HDV is classified as a…
Acknowledgment The authors acknowledge the contributions of Drs. Heiner Wedemeyer, Jacqueline G. O’Leary, and Gary L. Davis to this chapter in previous editions of the book. More than 71 million people worldwide are chronically infected with HCV. , In the…
Acknowledgment Drs. Jennifer T. Wells and Robert Perrillo contributed to this chapter in previous editions of the book. An estimated 260 million persons in the world today are chronically infected with HBV. The majority of these individuals will not experience…
Hepatitis A is the most common form of acute viral hepatitis worldwide. It is a self-limited infection caused by a non cytopathic, nonenveloped, single-stranded RNA virus that is transmitted primarily by the fecal-oral route by contaminated food or water and…
Metabolic liver diseases may manifest as acute, life-threatening illnesses in the neonatal period or as chronic liver disease in adolescence or adulthood, with progression to liver failure, cirrhosis, or HCC. In a 2015 report of the Scientific Registry of Transplant…
Copper, a component of numerous essential enzymes, is toxic to cells when present in excess. Dietary intake of copper generally exceeds the trace amount required physiologically, and mechanisms to control influx and efflux from cells must maintain an appropriate balance.…
Trousseau was the first to describe a case of hemochromatosis in the French pathology literature in 1865. Almost 25 years later, in 1889, von Recklinghausen, thinking that the disease was a blood disorder that caused increased skin pigmentation, introduced the…
Cirrhosis, a final pathway for a wide variety of chronic liver diseases ( Box 74.1 ), is a pathologic entity defined as diffuse hepatic fibrosis with the replacement of the normal liver architecture by nodules. The rate of progression of…
When appropriately ordered and interpreted, serum liver biochemical tests, the so-called “liver function tests” or “liver chemistries,” can be useful in the evaluation and management of patients with liver disorders. The term liver biochemical tests is preferable to liver function…