Complications of Newer Endoscopic Techniques GI endoscopy plays an integral part in the diagnosis and management of a variety of GI ailments. Risks and benefits are inherent to the performance of any procedure. In recent years, the “scope” of GI…
Early and late GI organ injury may occur following irradiation of thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic malignancies of GI and non-GI origin. As with all toxicities associated with radiation therapy (RT), GI side effects are categorized broadly into 2 types: early…
Gastrointestinal and Hepatic Function in Normal Pregnancy The GI tract undergoes dramatic modifications during pregnancy. Intra-abdominal organs must move to accommodate uterine growth, hormonal factors alter motility, and the immunologic adaptation to pregnancy affects response to disease. Heartburn, nausea, abdominal…
Secondary inflammation of the peritoneum frequently presents with the patient in extremis requiring a procedural intervention and is commonly referred to as “surgical peritonitis.” Primary peritonitis or SBP has a distinct pathophysiology and is discussed in Chapter 93 . This…
Vascular lesions and disorders of the GI tract are being more accurately documented as our diagnostic modalities become more sophisticated. Among the diagnostic techniques commonly used today are upper and lower tract endoscopy, single- and double-balloon enteroscopy (SBE and DBE),…
Numerous systemic diseases have GI and hepatic manifestations, but only common diseases and those with recent developments will be discussed in this chapter. Involvement can occur via changes in GI/hepatic structure, function, or both and may relate directly to the…
Transplantation of a solid organ is an immunologic mirror of the transplantation of allogeneic hematopoietic cells. Thus solid organs can be rejected by the patient in whom they are placed, whereas allogeneic hematopoietic cells can damage or “reject” the organs…
In 1981, the first cases of what we now recognize as AIDS were described. Subsequently, the world witnessed an explosion of cases typically manifested by opportunistic infections (OIs) such as Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia and neoplasms such as Kaposi sarcoma, which…
Neuroendocrine tumors (NET) originate from the diffuse neuroendocrine system discussed in Chapter 4 . Gastroenteropancreatic NETs (GEP-NETs) can originate in the GI tract (GI-NETs, also known as carcinoid tumors) and pancreas (pNETs). GEP-NETs are characterized by a propensity to produce…
GISTs comprise 1% to 3% of all malignant GI tumors; they are the most common mesenchymal tumor of the GI tract. More than 20 years ago, a seminal discovery was made that began elucidating the pathogenesis of most GISTs at…