Anatomy The extensor mechanism of the lower leg consists of the following: 1. The four muscles of the quadriceps : Muscle Origin Rectus femoris Anterior inferior iliac spine/groove Vastus intermedius Anterior/lateral femur Vastus lateralis Greater trochanter/lateral lip of linea aspera…
Pathology Relevant Anatomy The distal end of the femur traditionally encompasses the lower third of this bone. This zone varies greatly in the literature, from the distal 7.6 cm to the distal 15 cm of the femur; another definition is that the…
Conflict of Interest: The authors report no conflict of interest. The authors alone are responsible for the content and writing of the chapter. Introduction Fractures of the femoral shaft occur after high-energy trauma and are usually seen in the context…
Subtrochanteric femoral fractures are challenging to manage and differ significantly from both femoral shaft fractures and more proximal femoral injuries in their mechanism, treatment, and complications. The combination of strong muscle forces, high axial and bending loads with normal activities,…
Primary reconstruction of acute femoral neck and intertrochanteric (IT) femur fractures and salvage of failed hip fixation with arthroplasty techniques are becoming more common as the absolute number of fractures involving the hip joint continues to increase. Primary reconstruction in…
Introduction Fractures of the hip have long been held as an injury that is largely a result of altered bone metabolism, which can significantly affect the life of a patient with regard to mortality and function. The recognition of the…
Femoral Head Fractures Femoral head fractures often occur in association with hip dislocations. Eighty-five percent to 90% of hip dislocations are posterior. In the largest series of posterior hip dislocations, the incidence of associated femoral head fracture was 7%. The…
The outcome of a patient with a hip fracture is only partially related to the successful surgical management of the fracture. Many elderly patients have multiple, significant concomitant illnesses. These comorbidities, as well as perioperative complications, significantly impact the patient's…
Introduction The guarded prognosis of hip dislocations has been well recognized and frequently reported. Although pure dislocations fare better than fracture-dislocations, recent reports indicate that unsatisfactory long-term results are common even with pure dislocations and can be anticipated in up…
Introduction Replantation is the reattachment of a completely amputated part, and revascularization refers to the restoration of blood flow to an incompletely amputated part with vascular compromise, regardless of the size of the bridging tissue attachment. In 1962, the first…