Lower Limb Alignment and Joint Orientation Bones, joints, and bone and joint segments can be two-dimensionally characterized using axis lines. A mechanical axis line connects the center of a proximal joint to the center of a distal joint ( Fig.…
Introduction Periprosthetic fractures are defined as fractures involving joint replacements. In general, periprosthetic fractures can occur intraoperatively (primary periprosthetic fracture) or in the postoperative course (secondary periprosthetic fracture). In the lower extremity, periprosthetic fractures could be divided depending on the…
Residuals of trauma to the foot and ankle are a major cause of pain and disability for the affected patients. Trauma involving the joints of the ankle and foot is the most common cause of symptoms leading to the need…
Be sure you put your feet in the right place, then stand firm. —ABRAHAM LINCOLN As Homo sapiens, our evolutionary ancestors evolved to bipedality several million years ago. During this transition, the foot underwent multiple structural alterations. Many theories exist,…
This chapter discusses malleolar fractures, related ligament injuries, and other soft tissue injuries sustained with ankle trauma. Pilon fractures are discussed in Chapter 65 . Talar injuries are reviewed in Chapter 67 . Introduction The ankle is a complex hinge…
The defining characteristic of a pilon fracture is the involvement of the distal tibial metaphysis and articular block extending 5 cm proximal to the tibiotalar joint. The nature and complexity of these fractures range from simple patterns (e.g., boot-top ski injuries)…
Introduction Fractures of the tibial shaft are defined as occurring 5 cm proximal to the tibial plafond and distal to the tibial plateau. The subcutaneous location of the tibia makes it a common site for open fractures and perioperative wound complications.…
Introduction The diagnosis and treatment of a malunion or nonunion about the knee should be approached systematically. A malunion is defined as a fully healed fracture resulting in a deformity of the bone. To identify a malunion about the knee…
Introduction Tibial plateau fractures, inclusive of articular fractures of the proximal tibia and adjacent metaphysis, accounted for 1.2% of the fractures treated in Edinburgh's population of more than 500,000 during the year 2000, ranking 16th of the 27 reported anatomic…
Pathology Relevant Anatomy Key Points Knee dislocations and knee instabilities are characterized by anterior, posterior, lateral, and medial directions. Combinations of the main components cause rotational instability. The anatomic areas of insertion are of paramount importance for both the reinsertion…