Introduction ▪ Surgical management of the throwing shoulder has unique challenges specific to the high demands of the overhead throwing motion. ▪ Repetitive throwing places the shoulder in extreme positions under tremendous stress that rival some of the fastest movements…
Introduction The overhead throwing motion is an intricate, highly coordinated musculoskeletal sequence placing multidirectional and supraphysiologic forces on the shoulder. In fact, the angular velocity during pitching represents the fastest human movement recorded ( ). This repetitive and highly demanding…
Introduction The pectoralis major (PM) muscle functions as a potent flexor, adductor, and internal rotator of the shoulder, as well as a dynamic stabilizer of the glenohumeral joint ( ). Although the PM is not required for activities of daily…
Introduction ▪ Injuries to the pectoralis major (PM) occur infrequently, typically in young male athletes ( ). ▪ This injury most often develops during high loads, with the arm extended, abducted, and externally rotated, while transitioning from eccentric to concentric…
Labral Repair Dustin L. Richter, MD Jourdan Cancienne, MD Stephen F. Brockmeier, MD Abstract Superior labrum anterior and posterior (SLAP) tears are commonly a result of a traction injury and are often seen in overhead athletes. Type II SLAP tears, characterized by a…
Important Points ▪ There is a shift away from SLAP (superior labrum anterior and posterior) repair toward biceps tenodesis. ▪ The biceps–labrum complex (BLC) can be divided into three anatomic locations: inside (the superior labrum and biceps anchor), junction (the…
Indications for Surgery Sternoclavicular joint injuries are rare, and indications for their surgery are also rare. Fractures of the medial end of the clavicle are usually not sports related, are the result of vehicular trauma, and rarely need surgery (…
Anatomy, Epidemiology, and Etiology Although injuries to the sternoclavicular joint are relatively rare in athletes, team physicians must be vigilant for such injuries because they represent one of the few potentially life-threatening injuries in sports. The sternoclavicular joint is a…
Background ▪ Distal fractures of the clavicle (DCFs) are defined as fractures of the lateral third of the clavicle and are classified by their relationship to the acromioclavicular (AC) and coracoclavicular (CC) ligaments. ▪ DCFs account for approximately 15% to…
Percutaneous Pinning Connor G. Ziegler, MD Robert A. Arciero, MD Abstract Midshaft clavicle fractures which require reduction and internal fixation can be managed using two primary approaches. Open reduction and internal fixation with one or more plates is one approach and intramedullary…