Vascular malformations of the spinal cord are a heterogeneous group of anomalies ranging from simple, dural arteriovenous fistulae to complex arteriovenous malformations that may involve the spinal cord parenchyma as well as adjacent spinal and extraspinal structures. Although spinal vascular…
Introduction Cavernous malformations (CMs) are the second most common form of vascular malformation of the central nervous system after developmental venous anomalies (DVAs). The incidence of CMs is 0.34–0.53% in autopsy series and 0.39–0.47% in MRI series . The overall…
Introduction Intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulas (dAVFs) are acquired vascular lesions that usually involve the intracranial dural sinuses and comprise less than 10% of all intracranial vascular lesions . They are commonly divided into carotid cavernous fistulas (CCFs) and other dAVFs.…
Vein of Galen arteriovenous malformations (VOGMs) are a rare congenital vascular anomaly in which an arteriovenous shunt is established to the median prosencephalic vein of Markowski (MPV), a fetal vein typically present between weeks 7 and 12 of gestation .…
Introduction Developmental venous anomalies (DVAs) are rare, usually asymptomatic congenital cerebrovascular malformations consisting of a radial network of medullary veins draining into a dilated central channel. Originally called venous angiomas, DVAs are functional variants of normal venous anatomy that drain…
Introduction Cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) accounts for 0.5–1% of all strokes. CVT is more frequent in children and young adults and affects women three times more than males. Its clinical presentation is diverse and diagnosis is often challenging. CVT may…
Acute Subdural Hematoma Epidemiology Acute subdural hematoma (ASDH) is an intracranial space-occupying lesion that often occurs because of the tearing of bridging or cortical surface veins, secondary to a physical head trauma. ASDHs are often accompanied by cortical contusions, parenchymal…
Introduction Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) is the presence of blood within the ventricular system including the lateral, third and fourth ventricles. Primary IVH refers to bleeding directly into the ventricular system within the brain, from an intraventricular source or a lesion…
Introduction Stroke is the second most frequent cause of death in the world, with 6.7 million globally documented cases in 2012 alone. This chapter focuses on intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), the least common type of stroke, accounting for about 13% of…
Introduction Aneurysmal rupture leading to subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) represents a dire clinical entity with profound neurologic and systemic manifestations. Despite several advances in microsurgical and endovascular technology, mortality rates remain high, and survivors often suffer substantial neurologic morbidity; of all…