Spreading depolarizations (SDs) are recurrent waves of intense neuronal and glial depolarization that develop in apparently spontaneous fashion in ischemic stroke, intracranial hemorrhage, and trauma. Although Leão first described spreading depression, an SD wave in normal (i.e., uninjured) brain, in…
Introduction Cerebral edema is a buildup of fluid in the brain. It occurs after brain ischemia and different types of cerebral hemorrhage, as well as other conditions such as traumatic brain injury and brain neoplasms. It is a major clinical…
Acknowledgments This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health grant NS081179. Ischemic stroke triggers an inflammatory response in the affected area, which progresses for days to weeks after the onset of symptoms. The inflammatory reaction involves both tissue…
Introduction Poststroke neuroinflammation contributes to the delayed phase of neuronal cell death in the penumbra following cerebral ischemia . Therefore antiinflammatory strategies that would seek to inhibit the direct effects of inflammation on neuronal homeostasis have been the focus of…
Cerebral ischemia is a complex injury process that results in damage to both gray matter and white matter. White matter accounts for up to half of the stroke lesion volume in the central nervous system (CNS), with 20% of strokes…
Introduction Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a devastating cerebrovascular disease that occurs after rupture of an intracranial aneurysm, promoting hemorrhage into the subarachnoid space. This leads to impairment of brain perfusion and function, contributing to brain injury after SAH. It has…
Introduction Restoration of blood supply, referred to as “reperfusion,” is a desired goal for acute stroke treatment. Spontaneous reperfusion occurs commonly after stroke, in about 50–70% of patients with ischemic stroke. Reperfusion can also be achieved either by thrombolytic therapy…
Introduction Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a subtype that is responsible for 10–15% of all strokes with significant morbidity and mortality. An ICH can be primary or secondary . A primary ICH results when a vulnerable small or large blood vessel…
Introduction The incidence of focal ischemia or stroke has been increasing over the last two decades with over 16 million new cases of stroke reported worldwide in 2010. Focal ischemic brain injury leads to local neurological deficits and a progression…
Introduction Thrombosis resulting from various pathologies is the underlying cause of the majority of ischemic strokes. Hemostasis is the complex and highly regulated system that helps to maintain the integrity of blood and the vasculature. Maintenance of blood flow depends…