Acknowledgment This work was in part supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health (DK052230, DK093680, CA084197, and CA172113). 8.1 Components of the Cell Cycle A typical eukaryotic cell cycle contains several distinct phases, which progress in an orderly…
7.1 Introduction The gastrointestinal (GI) tract must maintain a barrier to food antigens and the microbial communities within the gut, while continually producing an array of specialized cell types to carry out digestive, absorptive, and regulatory functions unique to each…
6.1 Notch Pathway Overview The Notch pathway is an evolutionarily conserved signaling pathway present in all metazoans that influences a wide range of developmental and physiological processes, including the maintenance of self-renewing adult cells and tissues. Since Notch is a…
Conflict of Interests The authors declare no conflict of interest. 5.1 Hippo Pathway The Hippo pathway was first described in Drosophila melanogaster and core proteins in the kinase cascade and coactivators are highly conserved in mammalian cells. The Hippo pathway…
Abbreviations BMP bone morphogenetic protein Disp dispatched d.p.c. days post coitum Fgf fibroblast growth factor Fu fused Hh Hedgehog Hhip Hedgehog interacting protein HSC hepatic stellate cell IFT intraflagellar transport PanIN pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia PDAC pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas Ptch patched…
Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank the contributions of authors of previous editions of this chapter to the development of this text: John A. Barnard and Kirk M. McHugh (4th ed.), and John F. Kuemmerle (5th ed.). 3.1 Introduction…
2.1 Introduction The intestinal tract secretes a number of hormones that coordinate local, peripheral, and central responses to food intake. Hormones produced in the stomach are regulated rapidly after food ingestion and are largely involved in the control of acid…
Acknowledgment The work was supported by Public Health Service NIH Grant R01-DK55732 and R37-DK45729 to JLM. With the human genome sequencing project completed in 2001, perhaps the most important piece of information that we have learned is that the clues…