28.1 Introduction For centuries, it has been known that ingestion of foods rich in indigestible carbohydrates, sugars, bitter substances, and fats elicits specific cellular responses, such as releasing hormones that alter gastrointestinal (GI) function. It has been only in the…
Acknowledgments The authors greatly appreciate support from NIH including AI AI079145 (PE), DK DK107585 (SD), and DK061769 (SEC). Support has also been provided by the Wayne and Gladys Valley Foundation and the Chiba University – UC San Diego Program in…
26.1 The Evolution of the Adaptive Immune Response The immune system can be viewed as a process evolving over 1000 million years ( Fig. 26.1 ). The classic immune system can be divided into an innate immune system that evolved…
Abbreviations APC adenomatous polyposis coli protein Bves blood vessel epicardial substance CAR coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor CD Crohn’s disease CFTR cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator Crb3 crumbs protein homolog 3 EGFP enhanced green fluorescent protein ENAC epithelial sodium channel ERK…
Acknowledgments The author thanks Dale Bjorling, DVM, MS, Professor and Chair, Department of Veterinary Surgical Sciences, University of Wisconsin for his review and helpful comments about the original manuscript published in the 5th edition of this textbook and Dannielle Dirienzo…
Acknowledgment This study was supported in part by USPHS NIH Grants RO1 DK68055 (AEB) from the National Institutes of Health. 23.1 Introduction The human colon absorbs water and electrolytes and stores contents until elimination is socially convenient. It also scavenges…
22.1 Introduction Motility is the process of moving luminal contents through the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. However, motility encompasses many complex processes and is influenced by many internal and external factors. While there is intrinsic or enteric nervous system, motility is…
21.1 Overview The stomach is perhaps the most paradoxical organ of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, accomplishing extensive and often rapid expansion to accommodate ingested food at low pressure in the proximal stomach while simultaneously generating propagating contractions in the distal…
20.1 Introduction The prevalence of gallbladder disease makes the goal of understanding gallbladder function a clinically significant one. Gallstone disease in the United States afflicts some 6.3 million men and 14.2 million women aged 20–74 years. In other words, ~…
Transport of water and salt across the gastrointestinal (GI) mucosa is essential for the survival of all mammals. In the proximal GI tract, secretion of water and electrolytes into the lumen provides an appropriate environment for the actions of digestive…