Definition Protein-losing enteropathy (PLE) is a clinical syndrome due to a myriad of etiologies and characterized by excessive gastrointestinal (GI) protein loss. The immediate sequel of this protein loss is hypoproteinemia and edema; additional associated symptoms may include abdominal pain…
Introduction The intestine is a complex organ system holding the unique ability to digest and absorb food while also coordinating complicated motility and hosting a distinctive immune system. When abnormalities occur in any of these intestinal functions, diarrhea can ensue.…
Maldigestion and Malabsorption Many of the common digestive symptoms in pediatrics, including diarrhea and weight loss, are the result of disruption of nutrient digestion or absorption. As such, maldigestion and malabsorption are not specific diagnoses but rather mechanistic categories that…
The small and large intestines are contiguous and occupy most of the abdominal cavity. Working in concert, and with remarkable efficiency, they are responsible for several complex functions including digestion and the absorption of nutrients, among them vitamins and trace…
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Introduction The stomach is a complex organ with unique mechanical, sensory, endocrine, and immunological properties. Alterations in gastric motility and sensation have been implicated in several gastrointestinal disorders, including gastroparesis, functional dyspepsia, rumination syndrome, and dumping syndrome. 1 Understanding the…
Four decades ago, pediatric gastritis and peptic ulcer disease (PUD) lacked a putative microbial causative agent. Pediatric flexible upper endoscopy was becoming more available. In 1983, Warren and Marshall proposed that colonization of the human stomach with an organism, now…
Gastritis, gastropathy, and peptic ulcer diseases (PUDs) in children are a spectrum of acid-related disorders that can affect the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum. This chapter focuses on gastroduodenal acid–related peptic diseases, excluding Helicobacter pylori gastritis, which is addressed in a…
Acknowledgment We thank Louisa W. Chiu, MD, for the authorship of the chapter from the fourth edition. Embryology A general understanding of the embryologic development of the stomach is essential to the management of congenital and acquired surgical disorders of…
The gastrointestinal tract begins as a primitive tubular system and is one of the first organs to polarize the embryo by forming an entry and exit with an anterior and posterior axis, also known as the craniocaudal axis, extending from…