Normal heart rate varies with age: the younger the child, the faster the heart rate. Therefore the definitions used for adults of bradycardia (fewer than 60 beats/min) and tachycardia (above 100 beats/min) have little significance for children. A child has…
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Many systemic diseases may have important cardiovascular (CV) manifestations. The CV manifestations usually are evident when the diagnosis of the primary disease is made, but occasionally CV manifestations may precede evidence of the basic disease. In this chapter, CV manifestations…
I. Prevalence 1. Cardiac tumors in the pediatric age group are very rare. A large portion of pediatric primary heart tumors (about 70%) are seen in patients younger than 1 year. 2. Relative frequency of cardiac tumors in the pediatric…
I. Infective Endocarditis (Subacute Bacterial Endocarditis) A. Prevalence Subacute bacterial endocarditis (SBE) affects 0.5:1000 to 1:1000 hospital patients, excluding those with postoperative endocarditis. B. Pathology and Pathogenesis 1. Two factors are important in the pathogenesis of IE: (a) structural abnormalities…
Primary myocardial disease affects the heart muscle itself and is not associated with congenital, valvular, or coronary heart disease or systemic disorders. Cardiomyopathy has been classified into three types based on anatomic and functional features: (1) hypertrophic, (2) dilated (or…
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I. Anomalous Origin of the Left Coronary Artery (Bland-White-Garland Syndrome, Alcapa Syndrome) A. Pathology and Pathophysiology The left coronary artery (LCA) arises abnormally from the main PA. Postnatal decrease in the PA pressure results in ineffective perfusion of the LCA,…
A. CYANOSIS I. Pathophysiology of Cyanosis Before discussing individual cyanotic CHD, a brief review of pathophysiology of cyanosis is in order. II. Causes of Cyanosis Cyanosis is a bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes resulting from an increased…
I. Pulmonary Stenosis A. Prevalence Isolated PS occurs in 4% to 8% of all CHDs. B. Pathology and Pathophysiology 1. PS may be valvular (90%), subvalvular (infundibular), or supravalvular (i.e., stenosis of the main PA). Stenosis of the PA branches…