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Aesthetic Fillers and Botulinum Toxin for Wrinkle Reduction
Definition The use of neuromodulators to adjust the power of muscles of facial expression has become the most popular aesthetic treatment worldwide. Changing the contours of the aging face with the use of three-dimensional fillers is a powerful adjunctive treatment.…
Cosmetic Blepharoplasty and Browplasty
Definition Surgeries to correct changes in the eyelids and forehead area that are secondary to aging and manifest by redundancy and displacement of tissues. The most important procedures include upper and lower eyelid blepharoplasty and brow elevation. Key Features Facial…
Orbital Infection and Inflammation
Definition: Inflammation or infection of the orbital contents. Key Features Signs of inflammation include redness (eyelids and/or conjunctiva), swelling (proptosis, eyelid swelling, and conjunctival chemosis), pain (not always), and loss of function (reduced ocular motility, loss of vision). Differentiating infection…
Thyroid Eye Disease
Definition: Thyroid eye disease (TED) is an orbital autoimmune process associated with autoimmune thyroid disorders that causes inflammation and expansion and fibrosis of orbital fat and striated muscle, resulting in cosmetic and functional morbidity. Key Features Approximately 50% of patients…
The Lacrimal Drainage System
Definition The tear drainage system of the eye consists of the lacrimal puncta, canaliculi, lacrimal sac, and nasolacrimal duct. It serves to transport tears from the eye and conjunctival sac to the nose. The eyelids also form an important component…
Enucleation, Evisceration, and Exenteration
Definitions: Enucleation: surgical removal of the entire globe. Evisceration: surgical removal of the entire contents of the globe, leaving a scleral shell. Exenteration: removal of the entire orbit, including the globe, eyelid, and orbital contents—usually performed for malignant tumors. Key…
Orbital Diseases
Definition The orbit is the bony cavity that contains the eye, eye muscles, lacrimal gland, and other structures that serve eye functions. Numerous diseases affect the orbit and can involve any of these tissues, including neural, muscular, vascular, lymphatic, and…
Evaluation and Management of Periorbital Soft Tissue Trauma
Definition Injuries varying from simple skin abrasions to more complex cases with extensive tissue loss and underlying fractures of the facial skeleton caused by blunt or penetrating facial trauma. Key Features Partial-thickness eyelid injury. Eyelid margin lacerations. Eyelid injuries with…
Eyelid Malignancies
Definition: Cutaneous cancers that arise from the epidermis, dermis, or adnexal structures of the eyelid. Rarely, they may be metastatic from distant sites. They include a number of histologically distinct tumors from diverse skin cell types. Key Features Flat, eroded,…