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Ventricular system
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Coverings of the central nervous system
The central nervous system (CNS) is supported and protected by bone and membranous coverings. The brain is located within the cranial cavity of the skull and the spinal cord lies in the vertebral, or spinal, canal within the vertebral column,…
Autonomic nervous system
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Peripheral nervous system
The peripheral nervous system consists of sensory and motor nerve endings, peripheral nerve trunks, plexuses and ganglia, which link the CNS with other parts of the body. Most of the neurones in the peripheral nervous system are, therefore, either afferent…
Cells of the nervous system
The functional unit of the nervous system is the nerve cell or neurone. These cells are highly specialised for the encoding, conduction and transmission of information. Neuroglial cells, or glia, are present in the nervous system in even larger numbers…
Introduction and overview
The nervous system of all animals functions to detect changes in the internal and external environments and to bring about responses in muscles, organs and glands that are appropriate for the preservation of the individual and the propagation of the…
Hypothalamus, limbic system and olfactory system
In order to survive, there must be continual biochemical and physiological adjustments to preserve the internal environment of the body in a balanced and stable state (homeostasis). Interoceptor signals from the internal organs and body fluids initiate homeostatic responses to…
Visual system
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Basal ganglia
Within the cerebral hemisphere lie a number of nuclear masses. Apart from the thalamus ( Chapter 12 ), the most prominent of these are the caudate nucleus , putamen and globus pallidus, which lie in close proximity to the internal…
Cerebral hemisphere and cerebral cortex
The cerebral hemisphere is derived from the embryological telencephalon ( Chapter 1 ). It is the largest part of the forebrain and it reaches the greatest degree of development in the human brain. Superficially, the cerebral hemisphere consists of a…