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Pancreatic Function Tests
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Embryology, Anatomy, and Physiology of the Pancreas
The human pancreas develops from the ventral and dorsal domains of the primitive duodenal endoderm beginning at about the 5th wk of gestation ( Fig. 374.1 ). The larger dorsal anlage, which develops into the tail, body, and part of…
Inguinal Hernias
Inguinal hernias are one of the most common conditions seen in pediatric practice, with an overall incidence of 0.8–4.5% in term infants and children and increasing to nearly 30% in premature and low birthweight (<1 kg) infants. The repair of congenital…
Tumors of the Digestive Tract
Tumors of the digestive tract in children are mostly polypoid. They are also commonly syndromic tumors and tumors with known genetic identification ( Table 372.1 ). They usually manifest as painless rectal bleeding, but when large they can cause obstruction…
Surgical Conditions of the Anus and Rectum
Anorectal Malformations Christina M. Shanti Keywords Imperforate anus Perineal fistula Fourchette fistula Rectovaginal fistula Cloaca Rectourethral fistula Caudal regression Anal stenosis Anterior ectopic anus Rectal atresia Currarino triad Tethered Cord PSARP: Posterior sagittal anorectoplasty Fecal continence ACE Antegrade continence enema MACE…
Acute Appendicitis
Acute appendicitis remains the most common acute surgical condition in children and a major cause of childhood morbidity and health care costs, mostly associated with complicated/perforated appendicitis (PA). The peak incidence of acute appendicitis occurs in children in the second…
Cyclic Vomiting Syndrome
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Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders
Functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) comprise a group of conditions that relate to the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. These disorders cannot be completely explained by anatomical or biochemical abnormalities (infectious, inflammatory). FGIDs commonly afflict children across a broad range of manifestations and…
Chronic Diarrhea
Definition of Epidemiology Chronic diarrhea is defined as stool volume of more than 10 g/kg/day in toddlers/infants and greater than 200 g/day in older children that lasts for 4 wk or more. Persistent diarrhea began acutely but lasts longer than 14 days. In…
Acute Gastroenteritis in Children
The term gastroenteritis denotes inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, most commonly the result of infections with bacterial, viral, or parasitic pathogens ( Tables 366.1 to 366.3 ). Many of these infections are foodborne illnesses ( Table 366.4 ). Several clinical…