Neonatal Abstinence (Withdrawal) Scott L. Wexelblatt Keywords benzodiazepine buprenorphine cocaine MAT medication-assisted treatment methadone methamphetamine NAS neonatal abstinence syndrome opioid phenobarbital Neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) is the clinical diagnosis given to infants who experience withdrawal signs after in utero exposure to…
Umbilical Cord The umbilical cord typically consists of 2 umbilical arteries, the umbilical vein, and a gelatinous substance called Wharton's jelly, all contained within a sheath derived from the amnion and coiled into a helical shape. The muscular umbilical arteries…
Anemia in the Newborn Infant Patrick T. McGann Russell E. Ware Keywords ABO incompatibility anemia of prematurity fetomaternal hemorrhage G6PD deficiency hereditary spherocytosis physiologic nadir Anemia is a common laboratory and clinical finding in the newborn period and carries a broad differential…
Meconium Ileus, Peritonitis, and Intestinal Obstruction Juan P. Gurria Rebeccah L. Brown Keywords anorectal plugs cystic fibrosis Gastrografin enema meconium ileus meconium peritonitis meconium plugs Meconium consists of bile salts, bile acids, and debris shed from the intestinal mucosa in the intrauterine…
Respiratory disorders are the most frequent cause of admission for neonatal intensive care in both term and preterm infants. Signs and symptoms of respiratory distress include cyanosis, expiratory grunting, nasal flaring, retractions, tachypnea, decreased breath sounds with or without rales…
Most infants complete the transition to extrauterine life without difficulty; however, a small proportion require resuscitation after birth ( Fig. 121.1 ). For a newborn infant, the need for resuscitation is often caused by a problem with respiration leading to…
Central nervous system (CNS) disorders are important causes of neonatal mortality and both short-term and long-term morbidity. The CNS can be injured as a result of asphyxia, hemorrhage, trauma, hypoglycemia, or direct cytotoxicity. The etiology of CNS injury is often…
A variety of conditions that affect the newborn originate in utero, during birth, or in the immediate postnatal period. These disorders can be caused by prematurity, congenital malformations, disruption of chromosome structure, or acquired diseases and injuries. Recognizing disease in…
Regionalized Care of Newborns The concept of regionalized care for neonates was first introduced in the 1976 March of Dimes Report Toward Improving the Outcome of Pregnancy. This report and future revisions stress the importance of providing regionalized care for…
The term high-risk infant designates an infant at greater risk for neonatal morbidity and mortality; many factors can contribute to an infant being high risk ( Table 117.1 ). High-risk infants are categorized into 4 main groups: the preterm infant,…