Definition and Prevalence of Secondary Hypertension Secondary hypertension is generally defined as hypertension associated with a specific cause and, therefore, potentially curable if that cause is removed. The use of this definition generates two separate lines of diseases. The first…
## Hypertension remains the leading cause of cardiovascular (CV) mortality and morbidity including stroke, heart disease, kidney disease, and other vascular disease. The relationship between blood pressure (BP) and CV risk is linear, continuous, and additive to other well-known risk…
Hypertension implies an increase in either cardiac output or, more typically, in systemic vascular resistance (SVR). Essential hypertension developing in young adults may be initiated by an increase in cardiac output, associated with signs of overactivity of the sympathetic nervous…
Infections are among the more common complications following kidney transplantation. While advances in surgical techniques and modern induction and maintenance immunosuppression regimens have improved the outcomes of the allograft, they have also changed the risk of posttransplant infections over time.…
The central issue in organ transplantation remains the prevention of allograft rejection. Understanding the physiology of the immune response to a transplanted organ, developing targeted immunosuppressive drugs, and devising the best combinations to maintain safety and improve efficacy are key…
Introduction Kidney transplantation is the kidney replacement modality of choice for most patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). Evidence shows that most kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) experience a higher quality of life and improved long-term survival compared to wait-listed patients…
Kidney transplantation is the treatment of choice for most patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) because it prolongs survival, improves quality of life, and is less costly than the alternative therapy of dialysis. However, less than 20% of ESKD patients…
Introduction Dialysis extends and improves the lives of many patients with advanced kidney disease. It frequently serves as an effective bridge to kidney transplantation. However, for some patients, dialysis does not add meaningful time and negatively impacts quality of life.…
Introduction In peritoneal dialysis (PD), a chronically indwelling catheter is placed into the peritoneal space. A peritoneum enriched in a vascular capillary network is the dialysis membrane. Introduction of dialysis fluid into the peritoneum (glucose [or dextrose monohydrate] based) creates…
## Hemodialysis (HD) is an extracorporeal therapy that is prescribed to reduce the signs and symptoms of uremia and to partially replace a number of the key functions of the kidneys when kidney function is no longer sufficient to maintain…