General information Bismuth is a brittle reddish-white metallic element (symbol Bi; atomic no. 83). It enjoyed great popularity up to the early 20th century, and thereafter continued to be used in the form of insoluble bismuth compounds, used for their…
See also Anticholinergic drugs General information Biperiden is given orally in doses rising from 2 to 6 mg/day, more being given in individual cases. Of the anticholinergic effects that biperiden can cause, drowsiness seems to be one of the most…
See also Vitamins General information Biotin is a water-soluble vitamin of the B complex (vitamin B 10 , also called vitamin H), and is found in many foods, especially eggs and liver. Biotin is involved in the action of four…
See also Prostaglandins General information Bimatoprost is an analogue of PGF 2α , used to treat glaucoma. It is believed to lower intraocular pressure by increasing the outflow of aqueous humor through both the trabecular meshwork and uveoscleral routes. Drug…
General information The bile acids are used in the long-term treatment of cholesterol gallstones. Ursodeoxycholic acid is the 7-epimer of chenodeoxycholic acid. Tauroursodeoxycholic acid is a derivative of ursodeoxycholic acid. Drug studies Observational studies In a retrospective review of medical…
General information Metformin (rINN) is the only biguanide commonly used; buformin (rINN) and phenformin (rINN) have been withdrawn in many countries [ ] because of dangerous adverse effects. However, they are still available in a few countries, and with increasing…
See also Antiandrogens General information Mason has reviewed the role of antiandrogens in the treatment of prostate cancer, arguing that with earlier initiation of therapy the long-term adverse effects of castration need to provide the standard by which the acceptability…
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General information Bevacizumab is an anti-angiogenic agent that has been rationally designed to target vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a key mediator in angiogenesis. It was approved by the FDA in February 2004 for the first-line treatment of metastatic colorectal…
General information Bethanechol is a quaternary ammonium compound that shares both the muscarinic and nicotinic actions of acetylcholine but it is much more slowly deactivated. It has been used to treat clomipramine-induced orgasmic dysfunction [ ], as well as decrease…