See also Opioid receptor agonists General information Picenadol is a racemic mixture of an N-methyl-4-phenylpiperidine derivative. It has mixed opioid agonist–antagonist properties, because the dextrorotatory isomer is a potent opioid agonist and the levorotatory isomer is an opioid antagonist. Picenadol…
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General information Phytoestrogens are naturally occurring, polyphenolic, non-steroidal plant compounds that are structurally similar to 17β-estradiol and have estrogenic and/or antiestrogenic effects. These effects are mediated by binding to estrogen receptors, by alterations in the concentrations of endogenous estrogens, and…
See also Phenols General information Spermicides are produced in a variety of formulations, including gels, foams, creams, suppositories, pessaries, capsules, foaming tablets, and melting films. Spermicides are also used in conjunction with other methods, such as diaphragms, condoms, and sponges,…
General information Intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUCDs) have been reviewed [ , ]. Most are composed of bland synthetic materials or contain in addition a small amount of metallic copper. Others are designed to release either progesterone or a synthetic progestogen…
General information Photochemotherapy, which consists of oral (and sometimes topical) administration of psoralens (the furocoumarins 5-methoxypsoralen, 8-methoxypsoralen, and trioxysalen) plus long-wave ultraviolet radiation, known as PUVA, is a well-established effective treatment for psoriasis, which has also been used for vitiligo…
General information Sildenafil is a potent inhibitor of phosphodiesterase type V, and therefore of the breakdown of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) in the corpora cavernosa. The increased concentration of cGMP leads to nitric oxide-mediated relaxation of the smooth muscle cells…
General information Phosphodiesterase type IV is a major regulator of cyclic adenosine monophosphate metabolism in many cell types, including smooth muscle, proinflammatory calls, and immune cells [ ]. Inhibitors of phosphodiesterase type IV, such as apremilast, cilomilast, and roflumilast, inhibit…
General information There is a range of bipyridines that are selective inhibitors of a specific isoenzyme of phosphodiesterase, F-III. These include amrinone (inamrinone), enoximone (fenoximone), milrinone, olprinone, pimobendan, sulmazole, and vesnarinone. Their clinical pharmacology has been reviewed [ ]. The…
General information Phosphatidylcholine and its derivatives form a class of phospholipids that are major components of biological membranes and pulmonary surfactant (dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine or lecithin). Phosphatidylcholine is an essential component of the very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) complex that facilitates the…