Based on the German version from Maik Sauer, Jena 2013 (Sauer M. 2013. Statische und dynamische Sonographie der mimischen Muskulatur bei Probanden und Patienten mit peripherer Fazialisparese – Erhebung geschlechtsspezifischer Referenzbereiche [Dissertation] Jena: Friedrich-Schiller-Universität). 1 Introduction These instructions for sonography…
Introduction Features of a natural smile include spontaneity, symmetric simultaneous superolateral excursion of the oral commissure, appropriate orientation of the nasolabial fold, and symmetrical upper and lower teeth show. , These components are compromised in patients with facial palsy and…
Periorbital Synkinesis Background Eyelid paralysis, related to facial nerve injury, is a debilitating condition that causes significant functional impairment and cosmetic disfigurement. The most common eyelid and ocular sequelae resulting from facial paralysis include upper and lower lid retraction, lagophthalmos,…
Introduction We rarely think of facial movement. It is spontaneous and emotional as it morphs effortlessly from one mood and expression to the next. Facial palsy devastates normal function, often resulting in significant functional and psychosocial consequences that negatively impact…
Acknowledgement We thank Fabian Bachl and Jakob Hochreiter for recording and editing the EMG-Videos. Parts of the presented work were supported by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF; IRESTRA grant 16SV7209), the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) grant DE…
Introduction Facial palsy affects many areas of life for the individual: social, aesthetic, functional, and psychological. Management of such patients has been overwhelmingly directed to physical interventions and in order to determine the effects of any interventions, there has been…
Introduction Facial palsy may cause functional, aesthetic, psychological, and social consequences. The commonest cause, Bell’s palsy, will affect approximately 1 in 60 of the population over a lifetime, with almost 70% of these patients not fully recovering. Regardless of the…
Introduction Facial palsy is a devastating event in a patient’s life and can result in disfiguring permanent flaccid paralysis or synkinesis, a long-lasting muscle discoordination caused by aberrant facial nerve regeneration. Synkinesis generates both hypertonicity of recovered muscles and also…
Introduction Facial paralysis and its sequela is a complex medical issue that can be both physically and emotionally distressing. Patients may present to us at any time along the continuum of their recovery or lack of recovery. In addition to…
Introduction “Societal interest in appearance has a long history,” and today this seems more important than ever. Social media, the importance of “the perfect picture,” and the desire and possibilities to change and enhance the body create more unrest and…