Anemia is a well-known complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD); its severity increases as renal function declines, with nearly 80% of patients on dialysis having a certain degree of anemia. Although the pathogenesis of anemia is multifactorial, it is primarily…
Introduction Anemia is an important clinical complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD). It is defined by the World Health Organization as serum hemoglobin level < 13 g/dL in adult men and postmenopausal women and < 12 g/dL in premenopausal women.…
Protein-Energy Wasting Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are at risk for development of protein-energy malnutrition. The expert panels from the International Society of Renal Nutrition and Metabolism (ISRNM) first coined the term protein-energy wasting (PEW) to describe the malnutrition…
Introduction Protein-energy wasting (PEW) is common in patients undergoing dialysis and is associated with one of the strongest risk factors for death. The prevalence of PEW in observational studies ranges from 18% to 75%. PEW is indicated by decreased body…
Introduction One of the most encountered complications of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD), especially for patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis (MHD), is the subtle but clinically important progressive deterioration of nutritional status. Advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with a unique…
When renal replacement therapy is initiated, regulation of acid-base balance by the kidneys is replaced by a new homeostatic process responding to the physical principles of diffusion and convection rather than to the pH of the body fluids. Consequently, blood…
The removal of solute and water for the management of kidney failure with peritoneal dialysis (PD) is achieved by exposing the naturally occurring peritoneal lining of the abdomen to 6 to 15 L of dialysate every day. It is widely…
Repeated instillation and drainage of dialysate during the course of peritoneal dialysis (PD) is a unique clinical situation, which infrequently draws attention to primary intra-abdominal events. These events are often unrelated to the PD treatment itself but are brought to…
Introduction Peritoneal dialysis (PD) hydrothorax is a well-described, albeit uncommon, complication of PD. It results from movement of PD fluid from the peritoneal cavity to the pleural space across the diaphragm. It was first reported in 1967 by Edwards and…
Introduction Dialysis fluid leakage is a noninfectious complication of peritoneal dialysis, with reported incidence rates varying from 1% to 40%. Leaks are the result of egress of peritoneal dialysis fluid from the peritoneal cavity through defects created either during the…