Introduction Dyslipidemia is commonly observed in adults treated with hemodialysis (HD) and peritoneal dialysis (PD). The most prevalent pattern is increased plasma triglyceride concentrations (linked to an accumulation of triglyceride-enriched apolipoprotein-B particles) and decreased plasma concentrations of high-density lipoprotein (HDL).…
Introduction The prevalence and severity of cardiovascular disease in the dialysis population are well appreciated and present one of the defining therapeutic challenges in nephrology. It is also one of the most difficult issues to approach—the unique pathophysiologic processes underpinning…
Introduction Cardiovascular disease is exceedingly common in patients with kidney failure on maintenance dialysis and is the leading cause of death in this patient population. The rate of cardiovascular death in patients with kidney failure is substantially higher than that…
Cardiac rhythm disturbances are common in dialysis. Multiple studies have shown a high prevalence of ventricular and atrial ectopy and conduction abnormalities in hemodialysis patients, reflecting both the proarrhythmic nature of the hemodialysis process itself and the high burden of…
Introduction Hypertension is a risk factor for chronic kidney disease (CKD) that increases in prevalence as CKD progresses, and it is nearly universal in patients with kidney failure. The hemodialysis (HD) procedure itself induces hemodynamic changes throughout the course of…
There are many types of cystic diseases of the kidney, but a specific form often occurs in end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) patients. Acquired cystic kidney disease (ACKD) is defined by the presence of four or more renal cysts for both…
The Development of Secondary Hyperparathyroidism in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients Mineral homeostasis requires precise regulation, and the kidney plays a crucial role. Deterioration of renal function causes an alteration in the regulation of calcium (Ca) and phosphate (P). There are…
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Introduction Achieving adequate control of serum phosphate (P) is one of the most difficult challenges facing clinicians caring for patients with end-stage kidney disease. Despite the global acceptance of the consequences of elevated P and despite a large number of…
Introduction Patients with CKD often have disturbances in divalent ion metabolism, including the dysregulation of calcium and phosphorus, bone disease, and extraosseous calcification. These disturbances were previously referred to as renal osteodystrophy. However, the term renal osteodystrophy is primarily a…