Clinical Keys for this Chapter ▪ The majority of patients (80-90%) with gestational trophoblastic diseases (GTDs) have a benign course, and their disease spontaneously goes into remission. The benign form of GTD is called hydatidiform mole. ▪ Most patients with…
Clinical Keys for This Chapter ▪ There are two different clinicopathologic types of endometrial cancer. Type I endometrial cancers are caused by unopposed estrogenic stimulation, are endometrioid in histologic type, and generally have a good prognosis. Type II endometrial cancers…
Clinical Keys for This Chapter ▪ Most vulvar cancers are squamous cell carcinomas, and, etiologically, there are two different types. The more common type occurs in older women and is frequently related to long-standing lichen sclerosus. The less common type…
Clinical Keys for This Chapter ▪ Ovarian cancer is the fifth most common cancer among women in the United States, accounting for one-fourth of all gynecologic cancers. It is the leading cause of death resulting from gynecologic cancer because it…
Clinical Keys for This Chapter ▪ Cervical cancer is the major cause of death from cancer in women worldwide, but most new cases and deaths occur in developing countries where screening for cervical cancer is poorly developed. ▪ Cervical cancer…
Clinical Keys for This Chapter ▪ Chemotherapy and radiation therapy both work primarily by disrupting nuclear deoxyribonucleic acid and inhibiting cellular division. They potentially kill all rapidly dividing cells. Targeted therapies are directed towards specific signaling pathways within cancer cells,…
Clinical Keys for this Chapter ▪ Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and its more severe form, premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) are the quintessential menstrual cycle–influenced disorders. A common feature of these disorders is the inability to distinguish between affected women and normal…
Clinical Keys for this Chapter ▪ The “climacteric” refers to the phase in a woman's reproductive life when a gradual decline in ovarian function results in decreased sex steroid production with its sequelae. Because this phase is a normal consequence…
Clinical Keys for This Chapter ▪ Eighty to eighty-five percent of fertile couples will conceive after 1 year of frequent attempts. Infertility is defined as an undesired absence of fertility for 1 year despite frequent intercourse. About 10-15% of couples…
Clinical Keys for this Chapter ▪ Amenorrhea literally means the absence of menses. As a menstrual disorder, amenorrhea is primary when menstruation has never occurred by the age of 16 years (or 14 years with the absence of breast development)…