Clinical Manifestations Symptoms and Signs of Acute HIV Infection Different terms, including acute, recent, primary, and early HIV infection, have been used to describe initial exposure and infection with HIV. Regardless of the terminology, acute HIV infection is the period…
Human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV-1, HIV-2) cause progressive immune deficiency and death from opportunistic infections or neoplastic diseases. Increased understanding of HIV pathobiology has led to significant advances in diagnosis ( Chapter 355 ), prevention ( Chapter 356 ), and treatment…
Four decades after the initial recognition of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in 1980 and the subsequent identification of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV; which exists in two types: HIV-1, which is the predominant circulating type, and HIV-2), the HIV pandemic…
Common Features of Arboviruses Definition Zoonotic viruses ( Chapter 303 ) in animal populations infect humans. An extremely large reservoir of known and unknown viruses represents important causes of described and emerging human infectious diseases. Modes of transmission include human…
Definition Viral hemorrhagic fever is an acute systemic illness classically involving fever, a constellation of initially nonspecific signs and symptoms, and a propensity for bleeding and shock. The Pathogens Viral hemorrhagic fever may be caused by more than 30 different…
Definition Viruses are a principal cause of acute infectious gastroenteritis, a syndrome of vomiting, watery diarrhea, or both that begins abruptly in otherwise healthy persons. Two distinct viruses account for much of these cases. Before rotavirus vaccines were widely introduced…
Definition The enteroviruses belong to the genus Enterovirus in the family Picornaviridae. With the advent of molecular virology, the more than 110 recognized strains are classified on the basis of phylogenetic analysis of the nucleic acid sequence of VP1, which…
Definition Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a member of the gamma human herpesvirus family, is the etiologic agent of infectious mononucleosis and of a diverse assortment of neoplastic and lymphoproliferative syndromes. Epidemiology Ubiquitous in the human population, EBV is found in 90…
Definition Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a member of the herpesvirus family and shares, with the other members, the ability to establish a long-lived latent infection. Most of the clinical diseases caused by this virus result from reactivation of latent virus in…
Definition Primary infection with varicella-zoster virus results in the rash of varicella (chickenpox). The varicella-zoster virus establishes a latent infection in the nervous system and can reactivate later in life to cause zoster (shingles). The Pathogen Varicella-zoster virus is a…