Key Points 1. There are no studies to date that demonstrate significant alterations in the immune system following an adenotonsillectomy. 2. Penicillin is the initial drug of choice for culture-positive streptococcal infections. Resistance to penicillin or first-generation cephalosporins has not…
Key Points 1. In the evaluation of pediatric airway disorders, flexible fiber-optic laryngoscopy is the best initial examination modality in the stabilized patient. Additional exams, such as direct laryngoscopy and bronchoscopy, may be indicated. 2. Laryngomalacia and unilateral vocal cord…
* I am a military service member or federal/contracted employee of the United States government. This work was prepared as part of my official duties. Title 17 U.S.C. 105 provides that ‘copyright protection under this title is not available for…
Questions 1 How does the size and shape of the external auditory canal differ between children and adults? In adults, the EAC has a near-sigmoid shape with the cartilaginous portion angling posteriorly and superiorly and the bony portion angling anterior…
Key Points 1. The temporal bone is made up of five components (squamous, tympanic, petrous, mastoid, styloid), and fractures generally follow natural lines of weakness at the sutures, canals, and foramina in the bone. 2. The petrous bone is extremely…
Key points 1. Neurotology involves the treatment of patients with lateral skull base disorders, encompassing surgery of the entire temporal bone and associated approaches to the middle fossa, posterior fossa, and brainstem. 2. The cerebellopontine angle (CPA) is the junction…
Key Points 1. Most forms of vertigo are not managed surgically. Most patients with vertigo can attain significant improvement with conservative nonsurgical measures. 2. Ménière’s disease is a clinical diagnosis based on these features: Two or more definitive episodes of…
Key Points 1. In addition to motor fibers, the facial nerve carries visceral motor, general sensory, and special sensory fibers to the following structures: Parasympathetic input to the lacrimal, submandibular, and sublingual glands Taste from the tongue (special sensory) Sensation…
Key Points 1. Multiple techniques exist for removal of cholesteatomas. 2. Canal wall-up procedures maintain a physiologic ear canal but may have increased risk of residual and recurrent disease. 3. Canal wall-down procedures provide superior visualization of disease during surgery…
Key Points Pathophysiology of otosclerosis 1. Otosclerosis involves the otic capsule. 2. Originates from altered bony metabolism with ongoing resorption and deposition of disorganized bone. 3. Results in fixation of the ossicular chain, typically the stapes, producing conductive hearing loss.…